Forem: Priyanshu verma

CSS Selectors

Priyanshu verma — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 20:37:55 +0000

Why Do We Need CSS Selectors?

CSS is used to make a website look good. But CSS first needs to know which HTML element to style.

That is why we use CSS selectors.

Selectors help CSS choose elements on a webpage.

Think of selectors like calling people by name:

Calling "Everyone" → all people respond
Calling "People in blue shirts" → only a group responds
Calling "Rahul" → one person responds

CSS works the same way.

Element Selector

The element selector selects elements by their HTML tag name.

p {
  color: blue;
}

This will change the color of all paragraphs.

Use element selectors when:

You want to style all same elements
You need simple and global styling

Class Selector

A class selector selects elements using a class name.

Class selectors start with a dot (.).

HTML:

<p class="note">This is important</p>

CSS:

.note {
  color: red;
}

Class selectors are:

Reusable
Very common
Flexible

You can use the same class on many elements.

ID Selector

An ID selector selects one unique element.

ID selectors start with a hash (#).

HTML:

<h1 id="title">Welcome</h1>

CSS:

#title {
  color: green;
}

Rules for ID:

Used only once
Not reusable

Group Selector

Group selectors let you style many elements at once.

h1, h2, p {
  font-family: Arial;
}

This saves time and keeps CSS clean.

Descendant Selector

A descendant selector selects elements inside another element.

div p {
  color: purple;
}

This means:

Select 
Only if it is inside <div>

Basic Selector Priority

Sometimes more than one selector styles the same element.

Who wins?

ID selector (strongest)
Class selector
Element selector (weakest)

The stronger selector is applied.

Understanding HTML Tags and Elements

Priyanshu verma — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 19:48:41 +0000

What Is HTML ?

Introduction: HTML as the Skeleton of a Webpage

When you open a website, you see text, images, buttons, and links.
But behind all of that, there is a basic structure holding everything together.

That structure is HTML.

Just like:

Skeleton gives shape to the human body

HTML gives structure to a webpage

Without HTML, a webpage would have no organized content.

What Is HTML and Why Do We Use It ?

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language.

HTML is used to:

Structure content on the web
Tell the browser what each piece of content is
Create headings, paragraphs, images, links, and sections

HTML does not style or animate pages.
Its duty is only to define structure and meaning.

What is an HTML Tag ?

An HTML tag is a keyword wrapped inside angle brackets < >.

for example

<p>, <h1>, <input>

Think like :

This content is a paragraph
This content is a heading

Opening Tag, Closing Tag, and Content

Most HTML tags come in pairs.

<p>Welcome to My Blog</p>

 -> Opening Tag
 -> Closing Tag
Welcome to My Blog -> Content

What Is an HTML Element?

This is a common beginner confusion.

An HTML element includes everything together:

Opening tag
Content
Closing tag

<p> Hello Cohort </p>

Rule:

Tag = label
Element = complete structure

Self-Closing (Void) Elements

Some HTML elements do not have content.
These are called self-closing or void elements.

Examples:

<img> <hr>

Why no closing tag?

Because there is nothing inside them

Real-life analogy:

A doorbell — you press it, but nothing goes inside it

Common void elements:

<img> – image

  – line break

<hr> – horizontal line

Block-Level vs Inline Elements

HTML elements behave differently on a page.

Block-Level Elements

Block elements:

Start on a new line
Take full width

Examples:

<h1>Heading</h1> <p>lorem</p>

Analogy: - A new paragraph in a notebook

Inline Elements

Inline elements:

Stay in the same line
Take only required space

Example:

<span>Text</span>
<a>Link</a>
<strong>Bold</strong>

Real-life analogy: - A word inside a sentence

Commonly Used HTMl Tags

<h1>
<p>
<div>
<span>
<input>
<br>
<hr>

DNS Record Types

Priyanshu verma — Sun, 25 Jan 2026 21:57:55 +0000

!! Have you ever think "How Does a Browser Know Where a Website Lives ?" Let's see today.

Introduction

so, when you type a website name like google.com into your browser and press Enter ?

Your Browser does not magically know where that website is located. Behind so many things are going .

This article explains DNS in simple terms, using examples, how DNS records work together

What is DNS (The phonebook of the internet)

DNS stands for Domain Name System.

IN simple words DNS is just a phone book of the internet.

Computers communicate ussing "IP" addresses ex. 123.123.123.123

DNS translates a website name into an IP address for browser , so can browser know which server to talk next to .

Without DNS, you would need to remember IP addresses (numbers) instead of simple web names.

Why Are DNS Records Needed ?

Every Domain name has set of DNS records.

Each record answers a specific question:

Who controls this domain ?
Where is the website hosted ?
Where should the emails be delivered ?
Is this domain verified and secure ?

DNS always uses small records with clear roles .

What is an NS Record ?

NS stands for Name Server

"Who is responsible for managing the DNS information for this Domain?" (the hosting you purchased)

Example:

Likewise, If you need official land records, you go the municipal office

Similarly, NS recorded tell the internet:

Which servers are the official authority for a domain (ex. cloudflare, aws)

if NS records do not exist, the internet does not know where to ask for further details.

What is an A record? (this is only for IPv4)

A stands for Address.

"What is the IPv4 address of this domain?"

Example:

abc.com -> 93.93.933.93

Think as :

Person's name -> home address

The A record is one of the most DNS record, because it directly connects domain name to the server with website.

What is an AAAA Record? (this is only IPv6)

An AAAA record does the same job as an A record, but for IPv6.

Modern systems usually use:

AAAA record first
A record if IPv6 is not available

There is no competition between them.

A record: older
AAAA record: newer, future ready

Both exist to help browser to reach the correct server.

What is a CNAME Record?

CNAME stands for Canonical Name.

"This domain name is just to help for another domain name."

Real-life example:
-Calling a company's reception desk, which forwads you to the correct department

Key points:

A CNAME record never points to an IP address
It always points to another domain name

For Example :

A record -> domain -> IP address
CNAME record -> domain -> another domain

UseCases of CNAME:

For CDN's(content delivery networks)
Subdomains like mail.google.com

What is an MX Record?

MX stands for Mail Exchange.

"Where should emails for this domain be delivered?"

Example:

Emails sent to one@one.com
Deliver mail to server such as Google or Outlook

MX records can have :

Multiple servers
Priority numbers for backup delivery

Clearing Another Confusion

NS record -> manages DNS info
MX record -> manages email delivery

Completely different purposes.

What is a TXT Record ?

TXT stands for Text record.

TXT records store additional info, such as:

Domain ownership verification
Email security rules
Instructions for external services

Real-life example:

A written note attached to your mailbox saying, 'Yes, I own this house.'

TxT records do not direct traffic.
They prove, verify, and secure the domain.

Conclusion

DNS may seem complicated at first, but it's actually well-organized and logical.

DNS is the internet's phonebook
DNS records solve specific problems
Understanding records more important than memorizing it.