Forem: Mohit Kumar

Installing Kubernetes-1.27.0 in Ubuntu 22.04

Mohit Kumar — Sun, 23 Jul 2023 11:17:49 +0000

If you are working in DevOps and trying to learn more about Kubernetes, the first step is to install it locally and create a test cluster.

Kubernetes, the industry-leading container orchestration tool, offers a robust solution for automating deployment, scaling, and management. If you’re an Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish) user eager to harness the power of Kubernetes, you’re in the right place.

This blog post serves as a comprehensive guide, taking you through the step-by-step process of installing Kubernetes on Ubuntu 22.04.

Kubernetes Cluster overview

A Kubernetes cluster contains multiple compute, referred to as nodes, that work together to run containerized applications efficiently and reliably.
It provides a platform for managing and orchestrating containers at scale.A cluster consists of a control plane and one or more worker nodes.

Control Plane

The control plane, also known as the master node, is responsible for managing and coordinating the cluster’s operations. It oversees tasks such as scheduling containers, maintaining desired state, scaling applications, and handling communication within the cluster. The control plane components include:

kube-apiserver: Exposes the Kubernetes API, which allows users and other components to interact with the cluster.
kube-controller-manager: Manages various controllers responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster, such as node, pod, and service controllers.
kube-scheduler: Assigns pods to nodes based on resource availability and scheduling policies.
etcd: Stores the cluster’s configuration data and maintains the state of the entire cluster. It provides high availability and consistency to ensure fault tolerance.

Worker nodes

Worker nodes, also called minion nodes, are where containers are deployed and run. They perform the actual workload and execute tasks assigned by the control plane. Each worker node consists of the following components:

kubelet: Runs on each node and communicates with the control plane. It manages the node’s containers, ensuring they are running as expected.
kube-proxy: Routes network traffic to the appropriate containers by maintaining network rules and load balancing.
Container runtime: This can be Docker or another container runtime, responsible for pulling container images, creating and managing containers, and handling container lifecycles.

Networking

In addition to the control plane and worker nodes, a Kubernetes cluster often includes a networking solution and a storage solution.

These additional components enable communication between pods, provide network policies, and offer persistent storage for applications running in the cluster.

Networking solutions, such as Calico, Flannel, or Cilium, facilitate pod-to-pod and external network communication within the cluster. They ensure that containers running on different nodes can communicate with each other seamlessly.

Storage solutions, such as local storage, network-attached storage (NAS), or cloud storage, provide persistent storage for applications. They enable data persistence and allow applications to access and store data beyond the lifespan of a pod or container.

By understanding the components and their roles within a Kubernetes cluster, you can better appreciate the distributed architecture and the collaborative nature of managing containerized applications at scale.

Installing Kubernetes cluster on Ubuntu 22.04

The cluster will contain the master node and worker nodes, most of the configuration for both the nodes are common with some additional configuration for the master node.

The configuration will have the following nodes



Master Node: 192.168.56.100 – master.example.com
First Worker Node: 192.168.56.101 – worker1.example.com
Second Worker Node: 192.168.56.102 – worker2.example.com

For interworking, all the three nodes will have the configuration in the /etc/hosts file.
Disabling swap



swapoff -a
sudo sed -i '/ swap/d' /etc/fstab

Load the following kernel modules on all the nodes



sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/containerd.conf <<EOF
overlay
br_netfilter
EOF

sudo modprobe overlay
sudo modprobe br_netfilter

Set the following Kernel parameters for Kubernetes



sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/99-kubernetes-cri.conf <<EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables  = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward                 = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
EOF

Implement the above using the sudo sysctl --system
Install Docker and containerd.io



export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl ebtables gnupg lsb-release

sudo mkdir -p /etc/apt/keyrings

sudo curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg >/dev/null 2>&1
echo \
  "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
  $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null

sudo apt -y update 
sudo apt-get install -y containerd docker.io

sudo tee  /etc/docker/daemon.json <<EOF
{
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
  "log-driver": "json-file",
  "log-opts": {
    "max-size": "100m"
  },
  "storage-driver": "overlay2"
}
EOF

sudo systemctl start docker
sudo systemctl enable docker
sudo usermod -aG docker vagrant

sudo curl -L "https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/download/1.22.0/docker-compose-$(uname
-s)-$(uname -m)" -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
sudo chown vagrant /var/run/docker.sock

sudo docker-compose --version
sudo docker --version

Configure containerd so that it starts using systemd as cgroup.



sudo mkdir -p /etc/containerd/
sudo chown vagrant:vagrant /etc/containerd
sudo containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml
sed -i 's/SystemdCgroup \= false/SystemdCgroup \= true/g' /etc/containerd/config.toml

Restart and enable containerd service



sudo systemctl restart containerd
sudo systemctl enable containerd

Add apt repository for Kubernetes.1.27



sudo curl -fsSLo /etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-archive-keyring.gpg https://dl.k8s.io/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg
sudo echo "deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-add-repository "deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main"
sudo apt-get install -y kubelet=1.27.3-00 kubeadm=1.27.3-00 kubectl=1.27.3-00
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl

kubeadm config images pull

Master node

Initialize Kubernetes cluster with Kubeadm command

Now to initialize Kubernetes cluster. Run the following Kubeadm command from the master node only.



sudo kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --control-plane-endpoint=master.example.com --ignore-preflight-errors=all

Configure kubeconfig for the master



mkdir -p /home/vagrant/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf /home/vagrant/.kube/config
sudo chown vagrant:vagrant /home/vagrant/.kube/config

Configure flannel



curl -o kube-flannel.yml https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/v0.9.1/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

sudo sed -i.bak 's|"/opt/bin/flanneld",|"/opt/bin/flanneld", "--iface=enp0s9",|' kube-flannel.yml

kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

sudo systemctl restart kubelet

Worker node

Use the join command to add the node to the cluster

This blog was originally published at my blog

Introduction to Virtualization, VPS and AWS Lightsail

Mohit Kumar — Thu, 18 May 2023 10:38:00 +0000

Day 3 Checklist

Understand the concept of Virtualization
How virtualization enables cloud computing
What is a Virtual Private Server (VPS) ?
How VPS were part of web hosting solutions.
Introduction to AWS Lightsail

English Video

Hindi Video

Virtualization

Virtualization is a technology that enables the creation of multiple virtual versions of hardware and software resources, such as servers, operating systems, and storage devices, on a single physical machine. It allows users to run multiple operating systems and applications on a single physical machine, without having to purchase additional hardware or software resources.

How Virtualization Works

Virtualization works by using a software layer, called a hypervisor, to manage the allocation of physical resources to virtual machines. The hypervisor acts as a mediator between the virtual machines and the physical resources, allocating resources such as CPU, memory, and storage to each virtual machine as needed. Each virtual machine operates as if it were a separate physical machine, with its own operating system, applications, and network connectivity.

Types of virtualization

Server Virtualization

Server virtualization is the most common type of virtualization, and involves partitioning a physical server into multiple virtual servers. Each virtual server operates as if it were a separate physical server, with its own operating system, applications, and network connectivity. Server virtualization can help organizations reduce hardware costs, improve resource utilization, and increase flexibility.

Desktop Virtualization

Desktop virtualization involves creating virtual desktops on a server, which can be accessed by end-users from their devices. Desktop virtualization can help organizations simplify desktop management, increase security, and reduce costs, by allowing users to access virtual desktops from any device, anywhere.

Storage Virtualization

Storage virtualization involves pooling multiple physical storage devices, such as hard drives and solid-state drives (SSDs), into a single virtual storage device. This virtual storage device can then be partitioned and allocated to different virtual machines or applications as needed. Storage virtualization can help organizations improve storage utilization, simplify storage management, and increase flexibility.

Network Virtualization

Network virtualization involves creating multiple virtual networks on a physical network infrastructure. Each virtual network operates as if it were a separate physical network, with its own network address space, routing tables, and access control policies. Network virtualization can help organizations improve network utilization, simplify network management, and increase flexibility.

Hypervisor types

There are two types of hypervisors:

Type 1 Hypervisor	Type 2 Hypervisor
Runs directly on the physical hardware	Runs on top of an existing operating system
Provides direct access to physical hardware resources	Uses the host operating system to access hardware resources
Typically used in server virtualization scenarios	Typically used in desktop virtualization scenarios
Offers higher performance and better security than Type 2 hypervisors	Offers lower performance and security than Type 1 hypervisors
Examples include VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, and Citrix XenServer	Examples include Oracle VirtualBox, VMware Workstation, and Parallels Desktop

Cloud computing and virtualization

Cloud computing relies heavily on virtualization to provide users with scalable and cost-effective computing resources. By leveraging virtualization, cloud providers can provide users with flexible and dynamic computing environments that can be easily scaled up or down to meet changing business requirements.

Some of the relevant AWS services which work using the Virtualization technology includes

Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2): EC2 is a web service that provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. EC2 uses virtualization to provide users with a scalable and cost-effective way to run applications on a virtual server. Users can choose from a variety of virtual machine instances with different CPU, memory, storage, and networking capacities, and can launch, stop, and terminate instances as needed.
Lambda: AWS Lambda is a serverless computing service that allows users to run code without provisioning or managing servers. Lambda uses virtualization to provide users with a scalable and cost-effective way to run code in the cloud. Users simply upload their code to Lambda, and the service takes care of provisioning and scaling the necessary compute resources to run the code.
Elastic Block Store (EBS): EBS is a high-performance block storage service that allows users to store persistent data for use with Amazon EC2 instances. EBS uses virtualization to provide users with a scalable and highly available way to store data in the cloud. Users can choose from a variety of EBS volume types with different performance characteristics, and can attach and detach volumes from EC2 instances as needed.
Virtual Private Cloud (VPC): VPC is a virtual network service that allows users to provision a logically isolated section of the AWS Cloud. VPC uses virtualization to provide users with a secure and flexible way to launch AWS resources into a virtual network that they define. Users can configure the network topology, create subnets, and control inbound and outbound traffic to and from their AWS resources.

Virtual Private Server (VPS)

A Virtual Private Server (VPS) is a virtual machine that is hosted on a physical server, but operates as if it were a separate physical machine. VPS hosting is a popular hosting option for individuals and businesses that require more control and flexibility than shared hosting, but don't want the expense and complexity of dedicated hosting.

A VPS hosting provider typically uses virtualization technology to partition a physical server into multiple virtual machines, each with its own operating system, applications, and resources. Users can typically customize the configuration of their VPS, including CPU, RAM, storage, and bandwidth, and can install any software or applications they require.

Examples

Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
DigitalOcean
Linode
Vultr
Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Compute Engine

AWS Lightsail

AWS Lightsail is a simplified, easy-to-use cloud computing solution offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS). It provides users with a pre-configured virtual private server (VPS), storage, and networking capabilities, as well as a range of other features, all at an affordable price point.

Features

AWS Lightsail offers a range of features to help users easily deploy and manage their applications and websites, including:

Pre-configured virtual private server (VPS) instances with a range of operating systems and applications, such as WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla.
Integrated storage, including solid-state drives (SSD) and block storage.
Networking capabilities, including static IP addresses, DNS management, and a firewall.
Monitoring and alerting, including performance metrics and notifications.
Automated backups and snapshots for easy recovery in case of data loss.

Benefits

AWS Lightsail offers several benefits to users, including:

Ease of use: With pre-configured instances and an easy-to-use management console, AWS Lightsail makes it easy for users to deploy and manage their applications and websites.
Affordability: AWS Lightsail is an affordable cloud computing solution, with pricing starting at just a few dollars per month.
Scalability: AWS Lightsail instances can be easily scaled up or down to meet changing business requirements.
Security: AWS Lightsail provides a range of security features, including a firewall and automated backups, to help users protect their data and applications.
Integration with other AWS services: AWS Lightsail can be easily integrated with other AWS services, such as Amazon S3 and Amazon RDS.

Reference Links

"What is Virtualization?" VMware, Inc. https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/virtualization
"Virtualization: A beginner's guide," IBM. https://www.ibm.com/topics/virtualization
"Virtualization," Microsoft. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/

What is Cloud Computing?

Mohit Kumar — Wed, 17 May 2023 10:34:00 +0000

Day 2 Checklist

Understand what are the differences between a private data center and Cloud
Understand the NIST definition of Cloud Computing
5-4-3 Model of Cloud Computing
Differences between IAAS/PAAS/SAAS
(Optional) Enroll in the Cloud Computing Crash course ¹

English Video

Hindi Video

NIST Definition of Cloud Computing

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing as:

"Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models." ²

The five essential characteristics of cloud computing according to NIST are:

On-demand self-service
Broad network access
Resource pooling
Rapid elasticity
Measured service

The three service models of cloud computing according to NIST are:

Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

The four deployment models of cloud computing according to NIST are:

Public cloud
Private cloud
Community cloud
Hybrid cloud

5 Essential Characteristics

1. On-Demand Self-Service

On-demand self-service allows users to provision computing resources, such as virtual machines, storage, and applications, automatically without requiring human intervention from the service provider. This enables users to quickly and easily access the resources they need to meet their business requirements.

2. Broad Network Access

Broad network access enables users to access cloud computing resources over the Internet or other wide-area networks, using a range of devices, such as desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. This allows users to access cloud computing resources from anywhere in the world, using any device with an Internet connection.

3. Resource Pooling

Resource pooling allows cloud computing providers to serve multiple customers from a shared pool of computing resources. Providers can dynamically assign and reassign resources to customers as needed, based on their business requirements. This enables providers to maximize the efficiency and utilization of their computing resources, while providing customers with high availability and scalability.

4. Rapid Elasticity

Rapid elasticity allows users to quickly and easily scale their computing resources up or down, based on their business requirements. This enables users to respond to changes in demand quickly and efficiently, without incurring the costs and complexity of maintaining their own computing infrastructure.

5. Measured Service

Measured service enables users to pay only for the computing resources they use, on a pay-as-you-go basis. Providers can monitor and measure resource usage automatically, enabling users to pay only for the resources they consume, and to avoid upfront costs and long-term commitments.

Cloud Computing deployment Models

1. Public Cloud

Public cloud refers to cloud computing resources and services that are available to the general public over the Internet. Public cloud providers, such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud, offer a range of computing resources, including virtual machines, storage, databases, and applications, that users can access on a pay-as-you-go basis.

2. Private Cloud

Private cloud refers to cloud computing resources and services that are dedicated to a single organization or business, and are not shared with other organizations or the general public. Private cloud resources are typically hosted on-premises or in a data center, and are managed and maintained by the organization's IT department.

3. Community Cloud

Community cloud refers to cloud computing resources and services that are shared by a specific community of users, such as government agencies, educational institutions, or research organizations. Community cloud resources are typically designed to meet the specific needs of the community, and are managed and maintained by the community members.

4. Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid cloud refers to a combination of two or more cloud computing deployment models, such as public cloud, private cloud, or community cloud. Hybrid cloud enables users to leverage the benefits of multiple cloud computing models, such as scalability and cost-effectiveness, while maintaining control over their sensitive data and applications.

Cloud Computing Service Models

Cloud computing is typically categorized into three models:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Provides users with access to computing infrastructure, such as virtual machines, storage, and networks, over the Internet. Users can deploy and manage their own software and applications on top of the IaaS infrastructure.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Provides users with access to a platform for developing, deploying, and managing software and applications, without the need to manage the underlying infrastructure. PaaS provides users with a pre-configured environment for developing and deploying their software and applications.

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Provides users with access to software applications and services over the Internet, without the need to install and manage the software locally. SaaS enables users to access software and services on a pay-as-you-go basis, without the need to invest in expensive software licenses.

Cloud Computing Benefits

Cloud computing offers several benefits to users, including:

Scalability: Cloud computing enables users to scale their computing resources up or down based on their needs, allowing them to meet their changing business requirements and control costs effectively.
Flexibility: Cloud computing provides users with the flexibility to choose the computing resources and services they need, without the need to invest in expensive hardware or software.
Security: Cloud computing providers offer robust security features, such as encryption, firewalls, and identity and access management, to protect data and applications from unauthorized access and cyber threats.
Reliability: Cloud computing providers offer high availability and fault tolerance, ensuring that applications and services are always up and running.
Cost-effectiveness: Cloud computing offers pay-as-you-go pricing models, enabling users to pay only for the computing resources they use, and avoiding upfront costs and long-term commitments.

List of Cloud Service Providers

Amazon Web Services (AWS): https://aws.amazon.com/
Microsoft Azure: https://azure.microsoft.com/
Google Cloud Platform (GCP): https://cloud.google.com/
IBM Cloud: https://www.ibm.com/cloud
Oracle Cloud: https://www.oracle.com/cloud/
Alibaba Cloud: https://www.alibabacloud.com/
DigitalOcean: https://www.digitalocean.com/
Rackspace: https://www.rackspace.com/
Salesforce: https://www.salesforce.com/cloud-computing/
VMware Cloud: https://www.vmware.com/cloud
Heroku: https://www.heroku.com/
Linode: https://www.linode.com/
Red Hat OpenShift: https://www.openshift.com/
Digital Realty: https://www.digitalrealty.com/cloud
SAP Cloud Platform: https://www.sap.com/products/cloud-platform.html
Joyent: https://www.joyent.com/
CenturyLink Cloud: https://www.ctl.io/
OVHcloud: https://www.ovhcloud.com/
Tencent Cloud: https://intl.cloud.tencent.com/
Scaleway: https://www.scaleway.com/en/

Reference Links

Cloud Computing & Cloud Native Fundamentals
NIST SP 800-145

Introduction to AWS

Mohit Kumar — Tue, 16 May 2023 10:34:06 +0000

*The series is available in English and Hindi

Day 1 Checklist

Get to know more about AWS - Read the links given below
Create an AWS account
Go to IAM and secure your Root account
Create a seperate account for Console access

English Video

Hindi Video

What is AWS?

Amazon Web Services (AWS)¹ is a cloud computing² platform provided by Amazon, offering a wide range of services to individuals, organizations, and governments. It is a comprehensive, secure, and scalable platform that enables customers to build, deploy, and manage applications and services with ease and flexibility.

AWS Services

AWS provides over 200 fully featured services that span computing, storage, databases, analytics, machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), security, and more. Some of the popular services offered by AWS include:

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)
Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS)
Amazon DynamoDB
Amazon Lambda
Amazon CloudFront
Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS)

Benefits of AWS

AWS offers several benefits to its customers, including:

Scalability: AWS enables customers to scale their resources up or down based on their requirements, allowing them to meet their changing business needs and control costs effectively.
Security: AWS provides a secure and compliant platform with features such as encryption, identity and access management, and monitoring to ensure data protection and compliance with industry standards.
Cost-effectiveness: AWS offers a pay-as-you-go pricing model, enabling customers to pay only for what they use and avoid upfront costs and long-term commitments.
Reliability: AWS provides high availability, durability, and fault tolerance, ensuring that applications and services are always up and running.
Flexibility: AWS enables customers to choose the tools, programming languages, operating systems, and databases they prefer, giving them the freedom to build and run their applications and services as they like.

Getting Started with AWS

To get started with AWS, customers can create an AWS account and access the AWS Management Console, which provides a web-based interface to access and manage AWS services. AWS also offers various SDKs and APIs for developers to build applications and services that interact with AWS services programmatically.

In addition, AWS provides a wealth of resources to help customers learn about AWS and develop their skills, including documentation, training courses, certification programs, forums, and support services.

Creating your Account with AWS

Go to the AWS website at https://aws.amazon.com/.
Click on the "Create an AWS Account" button located in the top right corner of the page.
Enter your email address, a password, and your AWS account name, then click on "Continue".
Enter your personal information, including your name, company name (if applicable), address, and phone number.
Select your payment method, which can be a credit card, debit card, or bank account. Note that some AWS services offer a free tier with limited usage.
Enter your billing address and click on "Verify and Add".
Review the AWS Customer Agreement and click on "Create Account and Continue".
AWS will then send a verification code to your email address. Enter the verification code in the provided field and click on "Verify".
You will then be prompted to choose a support plan, which can be Basic, Developer, Business, or Enterprise. Select the plan that best suits your needs and click on "Continue".
AWS will then redirect you to the AWS Management Console, where you can access and manage your AWS services.

Account security

Log in to your AWS account and navigate to the AWS Management Console.
Click on the Services dropdown menu and select IAM under the Security, Identity, & Compliance section.
In the IAM dashboard, you can create and manage IAM users, groups, and roles to control access to your AWS resources.

Secure Access to your Root user account

To secure your account, you have to configure multi-factor authentication (MFA) for IAM users and the root account.

Create a seperate user for console access

Click on the "Add user" button to create a new IAM user for console access.
Enter a name for the new IAM user and select "Programmatic access" and "AWS Management Console access" as the access type.
Create a password for the new IAM user or let AWS generate one for you, and then click on "Next: Permissions".
Assign the necessary permissions to the new IAM user, either by adding them to an existing IAM group or by creating a new IAM policy.
Review the permissions and click on "Next: Tags" to add optional metadata tags to the new IAM user.
Review the tags and click on "Next: Review" to review the IAM user's settings.
Review the settings and click on "Create user" to create the new IAM user.
Note down the IAM user's console login URL, which should be in the format of https://ACCOUNT-ID.signin.aws.amazon.com/console/.

Reference Links

AWS Homepage ↩
Day 2- What is Cloud Computing ↩

Setup WordPress using AWS Lightsail

Mohit Kumar — Sun, 02 Apr 2023 21:54:47 +0000

Originally posted at my blog - The Complete Guide to setup WordPress using AWS Lightsail

Amazon Lightsail is a user-friendly cloud computing platform that allows you to easily manage your web applications, websites, and other services. If you are looking to set up a new WordPress blog or website using AWS Lightsail you can follow the below-mentioned steps.

Setting up your VPS

If you are looking to set up a new WordPress blog or website using AWS Lightsail you can follow the below-mentioned steps.

When you log in to your AWS account, you can search for Lightsail

Log in to your AWS Lightsail account and click on the “Create instance” button.
Select the “WordPress” blueprint from the list of options.
Choose the instance location, instance plan, and instance name. You can also choose to add a launch script if you have one. -Click on the “Create instance” button to start the instance.
Once the instance is running, click on the “Connect using SSH” button to connect to the instance.
Once you’re connected to the instance, run the following command to configure WordPress cat bitnami_credentials
This will provide you the credentials.

DNS

One of the key features of Lightsail is the ability to manage your own domain name system (DNS) settings. DNS is responsible for translating human-readable domain names (such as example.com) into IP addresses, allowing users to access websites and services using easy-to-remember domain names instead of complex numerical IP addresses. In this guide, we’ll explore how to manage your DNS settings in Amazon Lightsail, including how to create and edit DNS records, and how to configure your domain to work with your Lightsail resources.

To configure DNS, follow the following steps

Select Create a DNS Zone
Put your Domain name
Configure the name servers in the DNS
Configure the IP assignment (Note you would need either IPv4 or IPv6 for this)
Make sure you add both entries for www as well.

Setting up a certificate for HTTPS

In this guide, we’ll explore the process of securing traffic to and from your Bitnami application host using SSL certificates from Let’s Encrypt.

Let’s Encrypt is a Certificate Authority (CA) that provides free SSL certificates and I will provide a step-by-step tutorial on how to generate a Let’s Encrypt SSL certificate for your domain.

Run the following command

sudo /opt/bitnami/bncert-tool

It will ask you the domain name, Follow the steps as shown in this video and you should be able to set up your HTTPS certificate.

Set up email with Lightsail

In the AWS console, Go to SES, Click on the “SMTP Settings” tab in the left-hand menu.
Click on the “Create My SMTP Credentials” button.
Enter a name for your SMTP credentials in the “Create a new IAM user” field.
Click on the “Create” button.
Your SMTP credentials will be displayed on the screen. Make note of the SMTP username and password as you will need them to configure your email client.
Click on the “Download Credentials” button to save the SMTP credentials in a secure location.
Click on the “Close” button to exit the SMTP Settings page.
Go to the verified identities
Enter the domain that you want to verify, and choose to Create an identity.
Once you’ve set up your domain identity using Easy DKIM, you’ll need to complete the verification process with DKIM authentication. This involves copying the CNAME records generated by Amazon SES and publishing them to your domain’s DNS provider. Please note that it may take up to 72 hours for the records to be detected.
To add the DNS records to your domain’s DNS zone, open a new browser tab and navigate to the Lightsail console.
From the Lightsail home page, go to the Networking tab and select your domain’s DNS zone.
Follow the instructions provided by Amazon SES to add the DNS records to your domain’s DNS zone.
Configure the SMTP configuration in WordPress using the wp-SMTP plugin

Now login to your WordPress Instance and configure it.

Congratulations! You have successfully set up a WordPress blog with Lightsail in AWS. With your new blog up and running, you can start sharing your thoughts, ideas, and expertise with the world.

Remember to keep your blog secure by regularly updating your WordPress installation and plugins, and by following best practices for online security. You can also use Lightsail’s built-in security features, such as firewall rules and SSH key pairs, to further enhance your blog’s security.

Finally, don’t forget to regularly back up your blog to ensure that your data is safe in case of any unexpected issues. Lightsail makes it easy to set up automatic backups and restore your blog if needed.

Thanks for following along with this tutorial, and I hope you enjoy using your new WordPress blog!

Understanding Elasticity

Mohit Kumar — Sun, 01 Aug 2021 04:10:14 +0000