Forem: Sakshi J

LLMs - Embeddings 01

Sakshi J — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 06:18:08 +0000

Word Embeddings

An assignment of words to numbers is called a word embedding.

Consider an example, suppose we have a 2D plane and at multiple coordinates we have some labels like apple, banana, mango are near to each others coordinates, similarly carrot, radish and potato are near each other, and laptop, mobile, TV are far from the vegetables coordinate and fruit coordinate also. Now if we have to place "orange" then think around which coordinates it should be place?

It should be placed with fruits, near banana, mango and apple.

Words that are similar should correspond to points that are close by.

Words that are different should correspond to points that are far away.

There is something more to these word embeddings, and it is that they don’t only capture word similarity, but they also capture other properties of the language.

Since each feature is one new axis, or coordinate, then a good embedding must have many more than two coordinates assigned to every word.

One of the XYZ embeddings, for example, has 5024 coordinates associated with each word. These rows of 5024 (or however many) coordinates are called vectors, so we often talk about the vector corresponding to a word, and to each of the numbers inside a vector as a coordinate.

understanding vector as an array of coordinates like - [ [3,4] [5,8] [7,9] [12,24] ]

Some of these coordinates may represent important properties of the word, such as age, gender, size. Some may represent combinations of properties. But some others may represent obscure properties that a human may not be able to understand. But all in all, a word embedding can be seen as a good way to translate human language (words) into computer language (numbers), so that we can start training machine learning models with these numbers.

Sentence Embeddings

A sentence embedding is just like a word embedding, except it associates every sentence with a vector full of numbers satisfying similar properties as a word embedding.

For instance, similar sentences are assigned to similar vectors, different sentences are assigned to different vectors, and most importantly, each of the coordinates of the vector identifies some (whether clear or obscure) property of the sentence.

Head over to Cohere Playgroud and try providing inputs, some sentences similar, some different and hit the RUN button.

There are problems associated with this solution, let us look what are those

Similarity Between Sentences

For large language models, it is crucial to know when two words, or two sentences, are similar or different.

We can measure similarity and dissimilarity between multiple things like movies/car models/ countries anything.

But for that, you need to brush up your engineering math.

I literally waited for the day when I would finally get rid of math, all my school and college life, but it seems I will never get rid of this subject. So here is a (link)[https://www.datacamp.com/tutorial/demystifying-mathematics-concepts-deep-learning] to study math concepts used in DL.

PLUS, check this link also, for learning cosine similarity and dissimilarity.

word embedding is an assignment of a list of numbers (vector) to every word, in a way that semantic properties of the word translate into mathematical properties of the numbers. What do we mean by this? For example, two similar words will have similar vectors, and two different words will have different vectors. But most importantly, each entry in the vector corresponding to a word keeps track of some property of the word. Some of these properties can be understandable to humans, such as age, size, gender, etc., but some others could potentially only be understood by the computer. Either way, we can benefit from these embeddings for many useful tasks.

Sentence embeddings are even more powerful, as they assign a vector of numbers to each sentence, in a way that these numbers also carry important properties of the sentence.

In this way, the sentence “Hello, how are you?” and its corresponding French translation, “Bonjour, comment ça va?” will be assigned very similar numbers, as they have the same semantic meaning.

Method 1 - DOT PRODUCT

Heard this before? MMMMM...MATHS High school maths

THANK ME LATER

The dot product, also known as the scalar product or inner product, is a mathematical operation that takes two equal-length sequences of numbers (usually vectors) and returns a single number

FULL TUTORIAL for those who did not study this concept well in school

How to decide how similar or dissimilar is one movie with others??

Notice that if two movies are similar, then they must have similar action scores and similar comedy scores. So if we multiply the two action scores, then multiply the two comedy scores, and add them, this number would be high if the scores match.

Dot product for the pair [You’ve got mail, Taken] = 0*7 + 5*0 = 0
Dot product for the pair [Rush Hour, Rush Hour 2] = 6*7 + 5*4 = 62

ANOTHER MEASURE : COSINE SIMILARITY 😈

Another measure of similarity between sentences (and words) is to look at the angle between them. For example, let’s plot the movie embedding in the plane, where the horizontal axis represents the action score, and the vertical axis represents the comedy score. The embedding looks like this.

Check above shared links for cosine similarity and dissimilarity.

we want a measure of similarity that is high for sentences that are close to each other, and low for sentences that are far away from each other. Distance does the exact opposite.

Let’s look at the angle between the rays from the origin (the point with coordinates [0,0]), and each sentence. Notice that this angle is small if the points are close to each other, and large if the points are far away from each other. Now we need the help of another function, the cosine. The cosine of angles close to zero is close to 1, and as the angle grows, the cosine decreases. This is exactly what we need. Therefore, we define the cosine distance as the cosine of the angle formed by the two rays going from the origin, to the two sentences.

Cosine distance measures the dissimilarity between vectors by calculating the cosine of the angle between them, cosine similarity quantifies how similar two vectors are based on the cosine of the same angle.
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Thanks for reading till here...posting second blog soon in this series 🙂

AI/ML Scholarship Registration OPEN

Sakshi J — Sun, 28 Jul 2024 13:22:15 +0000

Hello college students!

If you are 16 years or older and enrolled in a college, here is a chance for you to get a seat in the AI/ML scholarship program by AWS.

Please follow this link to proceed with registration.

Thanks

Rewards

Sakshi J — Fri, 26 Apr 2024 02:23:34 +0000

I am curious to know that, what you people like, work satisfaction or salary or anything else.

What are your end goals and expectations from your job?

Please let me know in comments...

Dictionary📚 - Python

Sakshi J — Sun, 07 Apr 2024 21:00:33 +0000

Python Unleash'd 12

Starting with new data structure today.
We are done with sets.

Maps in C++ never annoyed me, so helpful data structure, I expect same from dictionary.

What is dictionary in python?

Stores values in key value pair.
curly brackets are used
Keys are immutable, while values are duplicate and mutable
Values can be of any data type
Key names are case sensitive

Here is an example from GeeksForGeeks too see how to create dictionary

Dict = {1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}
print("\nDictionary with the use of Integer Keys: ")
print(Dict)

Dict = {'Name': 'Geeks', 1: [1, 2, 3, 4]}
print("\nDictionary with the use of Mixed Keys: ")
print(Dict)

Other way to create dictionary is by using

dict function

Check length of dictionary using len()

`len(Dict)1 returns length of dictionary.

How to add elements to dictionary

As we do in C++, we can access dictionary values with keys, see

While adding a value, if the key-value already exists, the value gets updated otherwise a new Key with the value is added to the Dictionary.

See how dictionary gets updated

There is another way to access items.

dictionary2.get(3)

Accessing nested dictionary items

dictionary2 = {0 : 'zero', 1:{1:"one", 2:"two"}}
print(dictionary2[1][2])

Deletion

Dict = {1: 'Geeks', 'name': 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

print("Dictionary =") print(Dict) del(Dict[1]) print("Data after deletion Dictionary=") print(Dict)

Thanks for reading

Settling with Sets 2.0 - Python

Sakshi J — Sun, 07 Apr 2024 11:30:38 +0000

Python Unleash'd 11

Consider reading this first

1. Access elements

You can not access elements using index, so the only way is to loop through the elements, takes O(n) time.

2. Removing Elements

We have a 'remove' method to serve this purpose. It throws error if element is not in the set. To use remove(), first check if element is present. It take O(n) time to check element's presense.

Better to use 'discard()', as it does not throw any error even if element is not present.

3. Pop

Pop() function can also be used to remove and return an element from the set, but it removes only the last element of the set.

As set is unordered there is no way to tell which element is removed. :D

4. clear()

To remove all elements from set, use clear() method.

DO YOU KNOW

There is something 'frozenset' which makes a set immutable and then only those methods are applied which does not affect elements
All mathematical operations are valid on these sets : union, intersection, difference, issubset, issuperset etc
It does not support append()
Consumer more memory than lists

THANKS FOR READING GUYS

keep reading :)

Settling with SETS - Python

Sakshi J — Sat, 06 Apr 2024 22:13:53 +0000

Hello geeks!

After tuple and lists, lets see sets.

Python Unleashed 09

How to create set

There are two ways to define a set in Python. You can use the set() function, which takes in a iterable and converts the iterable to a set.

Showing you the first way of creating set, when you have elements ready with you

set = {"this", "is", "a", "set",12,True}

See what error we get here. And what's unhashable type.

To get better understanding of how set is related to hash, lets see important properties of set.

Unordered -> you will not see items in order, unchangeable order (Ascending/descending/sorted)
No duplicate elements -> calculate length of set with two duplicate values, it will return the length as one. Hence we can prove the unique element only rule for set.

set = {1,2,1}
print(len(set))

FOCUS HERE

Set is mutable object, which contains only immutable elements
List, Set, Dictionaries are mutable.
Tuple, String, Integer are immutable.

A set cannot have mutable elements like a list or dictionary, as it is immutable. (as seen in above snapshot, we get error on adding list to set)
A set itself may be modified, but the elements contained in the set must be of an immutable type - adding more clarity.
Set does not support indexing and slicing.

Hashable

Hashable means hash is associated with each element in set.
For now, consider hash as combination of random alphabets, numbers or hexadecimal number. So any value can be converted to hash by making it to go through a process, that process is called as hash function. When a text/value is passed to hash function, it produces hash of that. If two values have same hash they are considered same. This method used for calculating hash can not be used to get original text again, only hash values are matched. We have so many hashing algorithms also. Hope you got good idea of what hashable means. If not, feel free to google.

Python sets can only include hashable objects.

That means that they can include immutable objects because all immutable objects are hashable and they can include mutable objects that are hashable. So, some examples that you’ve probably seen of immutable objects are tuples, strings, integers, and Booleans.

This is because these objects cannot be modified after they were created.

You can also imagine if you can call hash() on your object and it doesn’t error, then it’s hashable. Lists and dictionaries are unhashable because we cannot call the hash() method on them.

Immutable vs Hashable

Immutable objects are a type of object that cannot be modified after they were created. Hashable objects, on the other hand, are a type of object that you can call hash() on.

So if you go into the Python interpreter and type hash, open parenthesis, and then put your object in there, close , and hit Enter and it does not error, then that means that your object is hashable.

All immutable objects are hashable, but not all hashable objects are immutable. That’s just a rule, so anytime you see some example immutable object, you know for a fact that it’s hashable, but there are some cases where there are hashable objects that you actually can mutate. Python sets can only include hashable objects.

Let’s look at strings. We can create a string like this, and we can see that strings are indeed immutable. Let’s try to actually mutate it and see that this will error.

string = "string type"
print(hash(string))

We get hash on running above code.

Hash remains same for the entire lifetime of object, so this is the reason why immutable objects have hash. Hash is value which is generated once for an object, and then adding more items to it or editing it may affect existing hash value.

So if we try to add a character to the end or change the first character to another character, both of those will error. That’s because strings are immutable and do not actually have any methods that allow us to mutate them.

The same goes for integers. We can create an integer, and we can’t add a number to an integer or add an integer to the end of itself and actually change what this 10 is.

Once the 10 is created, we cannot change it. We can, however, reassign x—but that doesn’t actually change the 10.

So if we want to add list to set, we would use set() method.
Otherwise, when we know what elements to add we can explicitly create set, as long as elements are immutable.

To iterate or loop over a set, use the same syntax as you would a list or tuple, or any iterable for that matter. But note, you cannot slice or index sets because they’re not ordered, so that doesn’t really make sense to slice some of them or get the zeroth index or something like that. So, here’s an example. We have a set with {'foo', 'bar', 'baz'}.

We try to index. It errors, because it says 'set' is not subscriptable.

for i in set:
    print(i)

Set is mutable object, which contains immutable types only.

Create set using curly brackers.

set = { 1,2,3}

Create set using set() method

theList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 1]
theSet = set(theList)
print(theSet)

What if we want to add list (mutable) in existing set?

there's a way

Using add() method

But one element from the list, at a time

add() method

print('theSet ', theSet)
theList1 = [1,2]
for i in theList1:
    theSet.add(i)
print('theSet now', theSet)

Update method

For the addition of two or more elements Update() method is used. The update() method accepts lists, strings, tuples as well as other sets as its arguments. In all of these cases, duplicate elements are avoided.

See how duplicate elements are avoided

set1 = set([4, 5, (6, 7)]) 
set1.update([10, 11]) 
set1.update({2,3},"n")
set1.update("hehehe","abc")
print("\nSet after Addition of elements using Update: ") 
print(set1)

See how one letter is added to avoid duplicacy.

We'll see accessing, deletion, popping and all other remaining things about SET in next blog to finallt settle with Sets in python.

This data structure has really annoyed me in past, this is the reason I wanted to settle set concept this time.

Hope you also got good understanding of what is mutable and what is not and when it is not.

Thanks for reading this long blog

good day :)

TUPLES in 3 minute - Python

Sakshi J — Tue, 02 Apr 2024 00:23:24 +0000

Time to brush up next queued data structure. And its TUPLE.

PYTHON UNLEASH'D 08

Good day geeks!🤗

How to read this blog?

Be ready with editor opened
Give one and half min to each section i.e, intro and important
run programs in between

INTRO

Indexing ( from 0 OBV )
Values separated by comma
Parenthesis () encloses values [not mandatory, but convention]
Remember parenthesis does not only make it tuple, I can make a tuple without using single bracket also (Inviting reader's views here in comments ⬇⬇) So there are other ways also besides parenthesis

() -> **parenthesis/round brackets**
[] -> **square brackets / big brackets**
{} -> **curly brackets**

immutable
heterogenous data

IMPORTANT

Similarities between list and tuple

Values stored can be indexed
Values are separated by comma inside
contain any data type, any number of elements

Unlike lists, tuples are immutable

Creating tuple without parenthesis

Also, the brackets alone do not make an object into a tuple, but it’s not usual to define a integer like this: a = (2)

It’s more common to see: a = 2

It is better to follow what is easier for everyone to understand as long it follows rules.

a = (2)
print(type(a))

a = (1 , 2)
print(type(a))

Other than indexing, we can access tuple items by "unpacking"
See the demo below

Tuple1 = ("Geeks", "For", "Geeks")
# make sure number of var must be equal to total tuple elements
# This line unpack
# values of Tuple1
a, b, c = Tuple1
print("\nValues after unpacking: ")
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

Concatenation of tuple

Say we have two tuples, tup1 and tup2

tup1 + tup2 is concatenation of both.

Slicing

Slicing rules are same as that for string and list. I request you to see below examples and read slicing on strings once from here

Negative index can be used in slicing

Example

As tuples are immutable, we can not delete single element from tuple. However we can delete entire tuple at once, with help of del keyword. Lets see how:

# Deleting a Tuple

Tuple1 = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
del Tuple1

print(Tuple1)

That's all for tuples.

There is a long list of methods which are unseen and unused for many of us, will see those once start practising.

If you have scrolled till here, do react to this post, and read other blogs in the series.

I am posting one blog everyday, follow for regular new blogs and leave your feedback in comments.

Thank you all for reading 🙌

List Data Structure in 5 mins - Python

Sakshi J — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 19:00:08 +0000

Hi developers/learners/readers 🙋‍♀️✋

Python Unleashed 07

Going to do comparison between C++ vectors and Python lists in this blog. As I am moving to Python from C++, so this can help others like me.

To those who are not familiar with C++, you may find few things confusing.

INTRO

List items are within square brackets, like C++ arrays/vector
Dynamically sized, can shrink and grow
elements are separated by comma as always
Stores data in sequence, in linear fashion
It can store data of any type, unlike vectors in C++
Random Access Possible (Negative and Positive Index), Prone to Index out of bound errors, AND ZERO BASED INDEXING
Mutable
We do have a list class for lists

List is so so much similar to vectors.

list[-0] returns 0th elements only

Methods on List

Append -> add element to the end of list, one at a time, tuple and lists can be added

Insert -> requires two values, element can be added at desired position. One argument is position, second is value.

Extend -> add multiple elements to the end of list, elements must be in square bracket.

Reverse -> reverses the list

Reversed -> A good read
Remove Elements -> Removes one element at a time, and element must be there in the list, otherwise throws error, pass element which you would like to delete

Pop -> Either remove element from end only or pass index
Slicing -> Same as that for strings check here strings
For more information check here

END

Thanks for reading

If you liked the content, do react, or for any feedback/correction/suggestion feel free to reach out to me on Linkedin or can comment here

Nice Day

INT FLOAT COMPLEX - PYTHON

Sakshi J — Fri, 29 Mar 2024 19:21:26 +0000

Good day geeks!

PYTHON UNLEASEH'D 06

This mediocre sounding blog is going to be interesting unlike its name I swear. No already known information here, not discussing basics, just (RARELY KNOWN) things for people shifting to python.

We have the following data types in python :

Text Type:  str
Numeric Types:  int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type:   dict
Set Types:  set, frozenset
Boolean Type:   bool
Binary Types:   bytes, bytearray, memoryview
None Type:  NoneType

Numeric Types

Integers – This value is represented by int class. It contains positive or negative whole numbers (without fractions or decimals). In Python, there is no limit to how long an integer value can be.
Float – This value is represented by the float class. It is a real number with a floating-point representation. It is specified by a decimal point.

Optionally, the character e or E followed by a positive or negative integer may be appended to specify scientific notation.

Complex Numbers – A complex number is represented by a complex class. It is specified as (real part) + (imaginary part)j. For example – 2+3j

Program for complex numbers

AS MENTIONED, ONLY 'j/J' is allowed to represent imaginery part of complex number. Please try in your editor.

Python has class for each data type, as read above. Okay

I guess there must be some methods associated with each class. Lets search about this and explore.

FROM STACKOVERFLOW -

int is a class. The type of a class is usually type.

And yes, almost all classes can be called like functions. You create what's called an instance which is an object that behaves as you defined in the class. They can have their own functions and have special attributes.

(type is also a class if you're interested but it's a special class. It's a bit complicated but you can read more on it if you'll search for metaclasses)

We get plethora of methods and information🤯 about this 'int' class on writing help(int) in notebook. That's more than enough, lets wrap up🤐. These numeric types are associated with their respective classes and what all variables we create are instances. These classes have methods. ✔✔

A good read on numeric data types of Python

We can use underscore as separators for big integer values like we use comma in maths.

Thanks for reading guys

If you liked the content, do react, or for any feedback/correction/suggestion feel free to reach out to me on Linkedin or can comment here...

LOOPS - FOR LOOP

Sakshi J — Fri, 29 Mar 2024 15:56:52 +0000

HI AGAIN

PYTHON UNLEASH'D 04

Back with basics, grinding on loops in python. Life becomes really hard when you have to manage so many things

Anyways, focus on agenda!

We know about for loop, lets look at its basic syntax first.

for loop with list

for name in list1:
    print(name)

for loop within range

list2 = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
for i in range(0,6,2):
    print(list2[i])

for loop with dictionaries

d = dict()
d['a'] = 123
d['b'] = "hehe"

for i in d:
    print(i,d[i])

zip() used to traverse two list together

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
colors = ["red", "yellow", "green"]
for fruit, color in zip(fruits, colors):
    print(fruit, "is", color)

Tuple

tup = (1,2,3,4,"holy")
for a in tup:
    print(a)

t = ((1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6))
for a, b in t:
    print(a, b)

Good examples
See you in next blog guys!
Happy reading...

Mastering Strings - Python

Sakshi J — Fri, 29 Mar 2024 15:52:36 +0000

Good day guys,

Python Unleash'd 05

I always wished someone taught me strings along with all its methods and behaviors, there are some exceptions where things become complex. Lets see all applicable methods on strings one by one.

Here we see empty string with nothing, empty string with space

print("first")
empty_string = ""
print(empty_string, len(empty_string))
print("second")
string_with_space = " "
print(string_with_space, len(string_with_space))
print("third")

And the output is :

String with one space has length 1 while without space has 0 length, i.e, an empty string.

Lets move forward to see different ways of creating string
str = 'string'
str = "string"

''' str
    =
    multiline
    string 
'''

The output of multiline string with triple quotes :

Random Access

We can access string character using negative and positive indexing. Positive indexing means from left to right, while negative starts from back to front. -1 index means last element.

Slicing (was once a toughest concept for me)

Colon is used for slicing.
Slicing, as the name suggests, means cutting string in slices
Slicing does not change string content unless we assign it to sliced string

TO GET SUBSTRING YOU SLICE THE STRING

Now let us see how index is given within these square brackets, by breaking it in pieces.

So last index is always excluded in the range.
When I write string[0:3]
0 is the starting index, while 2 is the end index. It excludes last index.

In string[1:-1], it includes char from 1 to -2 and not from 0 to -1.

Please note that indexing starts from 0 and not 1

So is not there any way to get entire string as substring

I call slice as substring. Yes, there is a way.

string[0:]

Now we'll get entire string.

Reverse string with help of colons

string[::-1]

Here we are introduced to a new param, third digit after second colon. It is used for step.

We are taking some easy examples here, to understand this STEP.

Look at the following examples, consider there is a string 'temp = maple_string' as its value.

temp[:] gives entire string
tem[0:] gives entire string
temp[:1] gives only first character
temp[::] gives empty string

first param before first column is for start index
second param after first colon is for end index
leaving blank means, start or end depending on colon

If there is mistake, or you write end index before start index, then you get empty string returned.

string[1:0] returns empty string

temp[-1:] is same as temp[-1], both return last char

temp[:1] is same as temp[0], in the former, 1 is not included as it is end index so only 0th char is returned.

Consider, temp = "maple_string" and
temp[1:2:1]

last part of slice can not be 0, in three step, either remove third step or it should not be zero. IT CAN BE ANY POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE NUMBER BUT NOT ZERO.

In above code snapshot, we see there -55 as the STEP, which does not even exist, so when it takes -55th step between start and end index, it does not get anything so it returns empty string, not even space.

Below we have another code snapshot from notebook, here I have provided valid STEP size, which will not return empty string.

It obtains the substring from index one to one only, and step size is one so it returns just that character which is at temp[1]

Step size of one does not mean anything is skipped, it is equivalent to leaving third param empty.

Look the next example, still we have

temp = "maple_string"

See how we get every second character from maple_string

Few more examples where we can get empty strings and full string by writing less

Some more code you should look at -

Program to reverse a string

reversed returns hexadecimal value, so we use join with empty string to make it string again.

More example of using JOIN with STRING

In the output, its 5 after every character of string

#temp[5] = 'y'
#string does not support updation like this, either convert to list or slice then join

How to update/delete from a string

# Python Program to Update 
# character of a String 

String1 = "Hello, I'm a Geek"
print("Initial String: ") 
print(String1) 

# Updating a character of the String 
## As python strings are immutable, they don't support item updation directly 
### there are following two ways 
#1 
list1 = list(String1) 
list1[2] = 'p'
String2 = ''.join(list1) 
print("\nUpdating character at 2nd Index: ") 
print(String2) 

#2 
String3 = String1[0:2] + 'p' + String1[3:] 
print(String3)

Some more methods on string

Update entire string is comparatively easier

# Python Program to Update 
# entire String 

String1 = "Hello, I'm a Geek"
print("Initial String: ") 
print(String1) 

# Updating a String 
String1 = "Welcome to the Geek World"
print("\nUpdated String: ") 
print(String1)

Deleting a character

# Deleting a character 
# of the String 
String2 = String1[0:2] + String1[3:] 
print("\nDeleting character at 2nd Index: ") 
print(String2)

Delete entire string, easier

del String1

String REPLACE

string = "Hello World"
new_string = string.replace("Hello", "Good Bye")

print(new_string)

The output we'll get here is - Good Bye World

It does not change the original string but returns a new one. It is mostly used in string substitution.

# Prints the string by replacing only 3 occurrence of 'ek' by 'a'

print(string.replace("ek", "a", 3))

Output -

geas for geas geas geeks geeks

END.

Thanks for reading
Will learn more about input and input formatting in upcoming blogs

What You Need To Know About Conditional Statements In Python ?

Sakshi J — Fri, 29 Mar 2024 09:47:09 +0000

PYTHON UNLEASH'D 04

HELLO LETS SEE CONDITIONAL STATEMENT IN PYTHON

As indentation plays major role in python. Indentation is used in place of brackets.
In conditional statements, we have colon which we have to use after is and else, at the end.

if statement
if-else statement
nested if

if (condition):
    # Executes this block if
    # condition is true
else:
    # Executes this block if
    # condition is false

if (condition1):
   # Executes when condition1 is true
   if (condition2): 
      # Executes when condition2 is true
   # if Block is end here
# if Block is end here

Unlike C++, we do not write else-if we write elif in python in if-else chain

if (condition):
    statement
elif (condition):
    statement
.
.
else:
    statement

In case of nested if the following if statement execute only if the s=above statements are true, else if comes to 'else block'.

WE HAVE SHORTHANDS ALSO FOR IF ELSE

var = 6
if(var > 5): print("greater")

print("hello") if var > 5 else print("no")

Ternary Operator

In C++, we have below ternary operator

(5 < 6)?b = "true": b = "false";

Here in python, we have if-else in ternary operator

Each operand of the Python ternary operator is an expression, not a statement, that means we can’t use assignment statements inside any of them. Otherwise, the program will throw an error.

a, b = 10, 20

print ("Both a and b are equal" if a == b else "a is greater than b"
        if a > b else "b is greater than a")

Shows good example of how we can use ternary operator with tuple, dictionaries and lambda function

We are pretty familiar with if-else so lets move to next new type of conditional statement, not definitely the new but here we have different name and keyword for that.

Also are you aware about 'pass' and when to use this?
Lets read about pass in next blog of this series.

Thanks for reading!