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    <title>Forem: Arnab Santra</title>
    <description>The latest articles on Forem by Arnab Santra (@arnabsantra2004).</description>
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      <title>How I Built the Most Overengineered TUI Weather App</title>
      <dc:creator>Arnab Santra</dc:creator>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 16:48:53 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://forem.com/arnabsantra2004/how-i-built-the-most-overengineered-tui-weather-app-5h61</link>
      <guid>https://forem.com/arnabsantra2004/how-i-built-the-most-overengineered-tui-weather-app-5h61</guid>
      <description>&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Why Would Someone Need a Weather App?
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;They &lt;strong&gt;don't&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;But I had free time, a desire to learn &lt;code&gt;Go&lt;/code&gt;, and an unexplainable need to make simple things complicated.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I believe the most effective way of learning is by building, so here I am, using a sophisticated relational database for storing a 5-minute weather cache.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I had previously built simple web servers with &lt;code&gt;Go&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;net/http&lt;/code&gt;, and most YouTube tutorials focus on that.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The Idea
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This was my first list of requirements:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The app should be instant/fast&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The user can search for their location in the terminal&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The user can select from multiple locations within the &lt;code&gt;TUI&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The fetched weather should &lt;em&gt;not be boring&lt;/em&gt; to look at.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The Components
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I envisioned the app having three major components:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The backend&lt;/em&gt;: Responsible for fetching the location (&lt;code&gt;latitude&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;longitude&lt;/code&gt;), and the recent weather.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The UI&lt;/em&gt;: This will be our &lt;code&gt;TUI&lt;/code&gt; frontend and will communicate with the &lt;code&gt;backend&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The Database&lt;/em&gt;: I realized that continuously calling a public API isn't ideal.
Therefore, we needed to cache the city and weather information.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The Tech Stack
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This project uses a lot of powerful (yet questionable for a simple weather app) set of tools:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go&lt;/strong&gt; - The core language.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bubble Tea&lt;/strong&gt; - Used to build the interactive terminal UI using The Elm Architecture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lip Gloss&lt;/strong&gt; - Handles styling, layout, and colors in the TUI.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SQLite&lt;/strong&gt; - A lightweight, file-based database used for caching weather data and storing city information.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;sqlc&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; - Generates type-safe Go code from raw SQL queries, keeping the database layer clean and maintainable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Goose&lt;/strong&gt; - Manages database migrations and schema changes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OpenWeather API&lt;/strong&gt; - Provides geocoding and weather data&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fvw1ophrpf57zwvcvj7tl.gif" class="article-body-image-wrapper"&gt;&lt;img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fvw1ophrpf57zwvcvj7tl.gif" alt="demo" width="760" height="421"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: You can find the full source code in my &lt;a href="https://github.com/Arnab-cloud/tui_weather_app" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;GitHub&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The Backend
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This backend is pretty straightforward. You call the API, get the result, format the response, and return it while storing the result in the database. There are multiple public APIs for this task. I think &lt;a href="https://openweathermap.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;em&gt;openweathermap.org&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is the most popular, and it's the one I'm using. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Then again, it is a public API. Though this one has a generous free tier, I don't like the idea of thousands of API calls per day for something as trivial as weather. &lt;br&gt;
The solution is &lt;em&gt;caching&lt;/em&gt;. I simply search the DB for the latest record. Each record includes a timestamp. I compare that timestamp with the current time. If the record is older than a set threshold (5 minutes in this case), we call the API; otherwise, we return the &lt;em&gt;cached&lt;/em&gt; record.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Calling the API itself is pretty straightforward, and the same code can be used for both weather and city information.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;client.go&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;FetchAndDecode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;any&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;](&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;client&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Client&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;req&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Request&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;client&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Do&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;req&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;defer&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Close&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;StatusCode&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;200&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;StatusCode&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;300&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;io&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ReadAll&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Errorf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"API Error: status=%d, body=%s"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;StatusCode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;json&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NewDecoder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Decode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;This function uses generics &lt;code&gt;[T any]&lt;/code&gt; to handle both the response payload and the return type. It executes the request &lt;code&gt;req&lt;/code&gt; using the provided &lt;code&gt;client&lt;/code&gt;, attempts to decode the JSON response into type &lt;code&gt;T&lt;/code&gt;, and finally returning a pointer to the result and along with the error &lt;em&gt;(if any)&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now, we can reuse this same function to fetch both the weather and city information without writing redundant decoding logic.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;client.go&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;// Fetches weahter for a specific coordinates&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherClient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;FetchWeather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherResponse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;weatherUrl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Parse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherURL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weatherUrl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"lat"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Sprintf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"%f"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"lon"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Sprintf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"%f"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"appid"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;APIKey&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"units"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"metric"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;weatherUrl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;RawQuery&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Encode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;req&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NewRequestWithContext&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"GET"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weatherUrl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;String&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Errorf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Error forming the weather request: %s"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;FetchAndDecode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherResponse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;](&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;HTTPClient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;req&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;// Fetches city information (such as coordinates) for a city name&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherClient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;FetchGeocoding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cityName&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;limit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;([]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;City&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;geocoderUrl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Parse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Sprintf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"%s/direct"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;GeocoderURL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;geocoderUrl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"q"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cityName&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"limit"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Sprintf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"%d"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;limit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"appid"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;APIKey&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;geocoderUrl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;RawQuery&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Encode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;req&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NewRequestWithContext&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"GET"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;geocoderUrl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;String&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Errorf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Error forming the geocoding request: %s"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;FetchAndDecode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;City&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;](&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;HTTPClient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;req&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Errorf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"no cities found with name: %s"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cityName&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;openweathermap.org&lt;/code&gt; API expects &lt;em&gt;latitude&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;longitude&lt;/em&gt; as &lt;em&gt;query params&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
This means we need resolve the coordinates of a city before we can actually as for the weather. This process is called &lt;em&gt;Geocoding&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this step, we pass the city name as a query parameter and receive one or more matching cities as results, with their coordinates and other metadata. We then store those results in the following struct:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;types.go&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;City&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"name"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Country&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"country"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"lat"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"lon"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Id&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"id"`&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;openweathermap.org&lt;/em&gt; API returns a massive JSON payload with dozens of fields. For a TUI, we don't need everything. I’ve simplified the structures to focus on the essentials&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;types.go&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Coordinates&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"lat"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"lon"`&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;BasicWeather&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"main"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Desc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"description"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Icon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"icon"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Id&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"id"`&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;MainWeather&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Temp&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"temp"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;FeelsLike&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"feels_like"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;TempMin&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"temp_min"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;TempMax&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"temp_max"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Pressure&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"pressure"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Humidity&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"humidity"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;SeaLevel&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"sea_level"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;GroundLevel&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"grnd_level"`&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Wind&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Speed&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"speed"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Gust&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"gust"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Deg&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"deg"`&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherSys&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Country&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"country"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Sunrise&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int64&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"sunrise"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Sunset&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int64&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"sunset"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Type&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"type"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Id&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"id"`&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Location&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"name"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Coordinates&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"coord"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Id&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"id"`&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherResponse&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Weather&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;BasicWeather&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"weather"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Main&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="n"&gt;MainWeather&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"main"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Sys&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherSys&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"sys"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Wind&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="n"&gt;Wind&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"wind"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Coordinates&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"coord"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Rain&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="kt"&gt;float64&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"rain.1h"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Base&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"base"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"name"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;DT&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int64&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"dt"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;COD&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"cod"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;ID&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"id"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Clouds&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"clouds.all"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Timezone&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"timezone"`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Vis&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="s"&gt;`json:"visibility"`&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: I might have skipped one or two fields, the sole reason being nothing but my laziness. You can take a look at the full response schema &lt;a href="https://openweathermap.org/current?collection=current_forecast" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The Weather Service
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;With this let's create high-level functions to fetch the weather and cities. Because we have a caching mechanism in-place with &lt;code&gt;SQLite&lt;/code&gt; , it's better to have a &lt;code&gt;weatherSevice&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;struct&lt;/code&gt; to handle both the &lt;code&gt;DB&lt;/code&gt; connection and &lt;code&gt;env&lt;/code&gt; variables.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherService&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;DB&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;database&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Queries&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;Client&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherClient&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Then we add the methods.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;// for weather&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherService&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;GetWeather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Location&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherResponse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherResponse&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ResolveCity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Coordinates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;cacheParams&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;database&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;GetFreshWeatherByCoordsParams&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;span class="n"&gt;sql&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NullFloat64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Float64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;EPSILON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Valid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat_2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="n"&gt;sql&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NullFloat64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Float64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;EPSILON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Valid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;span class="n"&gt;sql&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NullFloat64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Float64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;EPSILON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Valid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon_2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="n"&gt;sql&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NullFloat64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Float64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;EPSILON&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Valid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;FetchedAt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sql&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NullInt64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Int64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Now&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Add&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Minute&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Unix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Valid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;},&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cached&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;DB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;GetFreshWeatherByCoords&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cacheParams&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;cachedWeatherRes&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherCacheToResponse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;cached&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;cachedWeatherRes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Client&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;FetchWeather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;loc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Coord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;DB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;InsertWeather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ToDBWeather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;());&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Failed to cache the response: %s"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}()&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;// for city&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherService&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ResolveCity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;([]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;City&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;City&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"%"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;dbCities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;DB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;FuzzYFindCity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;query&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"db queried"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"fuzzyfind Error: %v"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;dbCities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dbCity&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;range&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dbCities&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;City&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;Id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;dbCity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ID&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="n"&gt;dbCity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;Country&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;dbCity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Country&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="n"&gt;dbCity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="n"&gt;dbCity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Lon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;})&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Client&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;FetchGeocoding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ctx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"api queried"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Printf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"city '%s' not found locally or via API"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Errorf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"city '%s' not found locally or via API"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Let's also create a function to initialize the service.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;NewWeatherService&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;conn&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;sql&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;DB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;client&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherClient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherService&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherService&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;DB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="n"&gt;database&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;New&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;conn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;Client&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;client&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  The Database (Caching with SQLite)
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Most people would use a simple JSON file or an in-memory map for caching. I chose &lt;code&gt;SQLite&lt;/code&gt; . Why? Because I wanted full-text indexing on &lt;strong&gt;200,000&lt;/strong&gt; cities and the ability to perform &lt;em&gt;fuzzy&lt;/em&gt; searches without hitting an external API every time the user types a letter.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;SQLite&lt;/code&gt; is simple, single-file based, relational yet surprisingly powerful database. The whole point of using a database in an weather app is &lt;em&gt;speed&lt;/em&gt;. This is achieved with &lt;strong&gt;denormalized schemas&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;lots of indexing&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The most difficult part of designing any application, in my opinion, is the &lt;strong&gt;database schema&lt;/strong&gt;. For this one, I just added simple tables to store:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;API responses&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;City information
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight sql"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;CREATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;TABLE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;PRIMARY&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;KEY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TEXT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;country&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TEXT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;lat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;created_at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TIMESTAMP&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;DEFAULT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;CURRENT_TIMESTAMP&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;CREATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;TABLE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_cache&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;PRIMARY&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;KEY&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;AUTOINCREMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- Location&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;city_id&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;city_name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TEXT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;country&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TEXT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;lat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- Weather summary&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_main&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TEXT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_desc&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TEXT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_icon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TEXT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- Temperature&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;temp&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;feels_like&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;temp_min&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;temp_max&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;humidity&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;pressure&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- Wind&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;wind_speed&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;wind_deg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;wind_gust&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- Rain (nullable)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;rain_1h&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- Clouds&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;cloudiness&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- Visibility&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;visibility&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- Time&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_time&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- `dt` from API&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;fetched_at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- when WE fetched it (unix time)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;timezone&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Searching the cities with city names was a core feature, so I added a simple index on city name.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight sql"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- v1&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;CREATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;INDEX&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;city_name_idx&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;ON&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;    
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Then I realized I needed more of a &lt;code&gt;"fuzzy find"&lt;/code&gt; approach.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight sql"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- v2&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;CREATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;INDEX&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;city_name_idx&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;ON&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;COLLATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;NOCASE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;This enables &lt;strong&gt;case-insensitive searches&lt;/strong&gt;, which works well for city lookups.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For weather data, queries often involve multiple columns. For example, I might need to fetch the latest weather information for a city based on cities name, country or even coordinated. To support this efficiently,  I added indexes on all relevant columns.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight sql"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;CREATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;INDEX&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;idx_weather_cid&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;ON&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_cache&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;city_id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;CREATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;INDEX&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;idx_weather_city&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;ON&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_cache&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;city_name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;country&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;CREATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;INDEX&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;idx_weather_coords&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;ON&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_cache&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;CREATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;INDEX&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;idx_weather_fetched&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;ON&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_cache&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fetched_at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;That's it. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Migrations with &lt;code&gt;goose&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For table creation and schema migrations, I went with a command line tool called &lt;code&gt;goose&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# instaltion command&lt;/span&gt;
go &lt;span class="nb"&gt;install &lt;/span&gt;github.com/pressly/goose/v3/cmd/goose@latest
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;To use &lt;code&gt;goose&lt;/code&gt; , I have put all the migration code in to a directory called &lt;code&gt;sql\schema&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight plaintext"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Mode                 LastWriteTime         Length Name
----                 -------------         ------ ----
-a---          17-01-2026    23:47            272 001_cities.sql
-a---          17-01-2026    23:52            117 002_index_cities.sql
-a---          18-01-2026    13:25            851 003_weather_cache.sql
-a---          18-01-2026    13:28            483 004_index_weather_cache.sql
-a---          18-01-2026    21:04            193 005_index_cities.sql
-a---          24-01-2026    17:46            726 006_add_cols_weather_cache.sql
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Each migration is prefixed with a sequence number (&lt;code&gt;001&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;002&lt;/code&gt; etc.) so &lt;code&gt;goose&lt;/code&gt; can keep track of which migrations have already been applied.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;001_cities.sql&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight sql"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- +goose Up&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;CREATE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;TABLE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;INTEGER&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;PRIMARY&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;KEY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TEXT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;country&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TEXT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;lat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;REAL&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;created_at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;TIMESTAMP&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NOT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;NULL&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;DEFAULT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;CURRENT_TIMESTAMP&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- +goose Down&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;DROP&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;TABLE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;The comment &lt;code&gt;-- +goose Up&lt;/code&gt; marks the SQL to be executed during an &lt;code&gt;up migration&lt;/code&gt;. Similarly, &lt;code&gt;-- +goose Down&lt;/code&gt; defines how to revert the changes.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;-- +goose Down&lt;/code&gt; is added before the command for down migration. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Important: Always include both **Up&lt;/em&gt;* and &lt;strong&gt;Down&lt;/strong&gt; migrations.&lt;br&gt;
The &lt;strong&gt;Down&lt;/strong&gt; migration should fully undo the changes made by the Up migration*&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;To execute the migrations, we just have to run the following command&lt;br&gt;
from &lt;code&gt;sql\schema&lt;/code&gt; directory:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;goose sqlite3 ../../small.db up
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Here &lt;code&gt;small.db&lt;/code&gt; is the &lt;code&gt;SQLite&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;DB&lt;/code&gt; file. Basically we have to provide the relative path to it.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Type Safe queries with &lt;code&gt;sqlc&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you've worked with &lt;code&gt;SQL&lt;/code&gt; before, you probably already know there are several ways we can execute &lt;code&gt;SQL&lt;/code&gt; queries from a programming language, such as:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Database Driver&lt;/strong&gt;: 
This is a low level approach where you install a DB-specific driver for your language or choice. Then you open a connection, send raw &lt;code&gt;SQL&lt;/code&gt; strings, and finally closing the connection. This approach is fast, but it gets &lt;strong&gt;messy&lt;/strong&gt; quickly and the &lt;strong&gt;DX&lt;/strong&gt; is usually &lt;strong&gt;not great&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Query Builders&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;br&gt;
These are built on top of database drivers. You use a library that lets you build queries using method chaining or function calls, and the library generates the SQL under the hood.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Example:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight javascript"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="nx"&gt;db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;select&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;users&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;where&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="dl"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;ORMs *(Object-Relational Mappers)&lt;/strong&gt;*:
This might be highest level of abstraction, where:

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tables &amp;lt;-&amp;gt; classes&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Roes &amp;lt;-&amp;gt; objects
The &lt;code&gt;SQL&lt;/code&gt; is mostly hidden. Here the &lt;strong&gt;DX&lt;/strong&gt; is great but performance can degrade, and you have almost no control over the generated &lt;code&gt;SQL&lt;/code&gt; .&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://github.com/sqlc-dev/sqlc" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;code&gt;sqlc&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;takes a different approach. We write &lt;strong&gt;raw SQL queries&lt;/strong&gt; in separate files and &lt;code&gt;sqlc&lt;/code&gt; generates &lt;strong&gt;type-safe Go methods&lt;/strong&gt; from them.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Example:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sql\queries\cities.sql&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight sql"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- name: CreateCity :one&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;INSERT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;INTO&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;country&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;VALUES&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;RETURNING&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- name: DeleteCity :exec&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;DELETE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;FROM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;WHERE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- name: FindCity :many&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;SELECT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;FROM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;WHERE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;LOWER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;LOWER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;


&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- name: FindCityWithID :one&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;SELECT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;FROM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;WHERE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- name: FuzzYFindCity :many&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;SELECT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;FROM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cities&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;WHERE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;like&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Here also, we add special comments to instruct &lt;code&gt;sqlc&lt;/code&gt;. The syntax is&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;--&lt;/span&gt; name: &amp;lt;FunctionName&amp;gt; : &amp;lt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;return &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Where the return type can be :one, :many, or :exec&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Similarly, for weather data:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sql\queries\weather_cache.sql&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight sql"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- name: GetLatestWeatherByCity :one&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;SELECT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;FROM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_cache&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;WHERE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;city_name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;ORDER&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;BY&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fetched_at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;DESC&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;LIMIT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- name: GetFreshWeatherByCity :one&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;SELECT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;FROM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_cache&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;WHERE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;city_name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;AND&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fetched_at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;ORDER&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;BY&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fetched_at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;DESC&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;LIMIT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c1"&gt;-- name: GetLatestWeatherByCoords :one&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;SELECT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;FROM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weather_cache&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;WHERE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;AND&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;AND&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;AND&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lon&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;AND&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fetched_at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;ORDER&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;BY&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;fetched_at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;DESC&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;LIMIT&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Configuring &lt;code&gt;sqlc&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;To specify details such as &lt;code&gt;SQL&lt;/code&gt; engine, target language, and the schema and queries directories, we create a configuration file at the root of our project called &lt;code&gt;sqlc.yaml&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;sqlc.yaml&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight yaml"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;version&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="pi"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;2"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="na"&gt;sql&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="pi"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="pi"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;schema&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="pi"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;sql/schema"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="na"&gt;queries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="pi"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;sql/queries"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="na"&gt;engine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="pi"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;sqlite"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="na"&gt;gen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="pi"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="na"&gt;go&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="pi"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="na"&gt;out&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="pi"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;internal/database"&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Then let's install &lt;code&gt;sqlc&lt;/code&gt; if not already installed:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;go &lt;span class="nb"&gt;install &lt;/span&gt;github.com/sqlc-dev/sqlc/cmd/sqlc@latest
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Then we run the following command at the project root:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight shell"&gt;&lt;code&gt;sqlc generate
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;This command validates the schema and queries, then generates the corresponding Go code in the &lt;code&gt;internal/database&lt;/code&gt; directory, as specified in &lt;code&gt;sqlc.yaml&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now, that we are mostly done with &lt;code&gt;DB&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Let's move on to the interesting part - the &lt;code&gt;TUI&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Making a TUI with &lt;a href="https://github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bubble Tea&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Bubble Tea&lt;/code&gt; is a pretty popular framework for building terminal apps. I had wanted to use it for a long time. So let's get started.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F9sn30d6w8xwjcd09dehu.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"&gt;&lt;img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F9sn30d6w8xwjcd09dehu.png" alt="TUI Weather App" width="800" height="439"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  How Does Bubble Tea render UI ?
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Without diving deep into the internals of &lt;code&gt;Bubble Tea&lt;/code&gt;, let's just say it uses &lt;a href="https://guide.elm-lang.org/architecture/" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;code&gt;The Elm Architecture&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; . &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This architecture has three core components:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Model&lt;/strong&gt; - the state of you application&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;View&lt;/strong&gt; - a way to render the &lt;code&gt;UI&lt;/code&gt; based on the current &lt;code&gt;Model&lt;/code&gt; or state.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; - a way to update the &lt;code&gt;Model&lt;/code&gt; / state based of &lt;code&gt;messages&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code&gt;events&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;That's it.&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The Model
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first step is to design the &lt;code&gt;model&lt;/code&gt; which represents the state of the application. This model holds all the application data (such as current city, current weather, searching, error etc.)&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;StateModel&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;struct&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;service&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;weather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherService&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;// holds http clients, db connection etc&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span class="n"&gt;textinput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Model&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// a text input component provied by `bubble tea`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="n"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Model&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span class="c"&gt;// a list component from `bubble tea`&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;curItem&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;weather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;City&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// pointer to current city&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;curWeather&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;weather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherResponse&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// pointer to current weather&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;isFilterOpen&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// indicates if filtering is on&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;isFetchingWeather&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt;  
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;keys&lt;/span&gt;              &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;itemsKeyMap&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// pointer to keyboard shotcuts&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;help&lt;/span&gt;              &lt;span class="n"&gt;help&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Model&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// pointer to help component&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;               &lt;span class="kt"&gt;error&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;debounceId&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// used in debouncing&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;width&lt;/span&gt;             &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;  
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;height&lt;/span&gt;            &lt;span class="kt"&gt;int&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// both height an width is used for terminal size&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;logging&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;bool&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;Now, we create the initial model:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;NewModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;service&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;weather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WeatherService&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;StateModel&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;newSearchResults&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;New&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NewDefaultDelegate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;ti&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;textinput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;New&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;ti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Placeholder&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Search for a city"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;ti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;CharLimit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;ti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Width&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;newModel&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;StateModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;service&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;span class="n"&gt;service&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;         &lt;span class="n"&gt;ti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="n"&gt;newSearchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;curItem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;curWeather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;isFilterOpen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;      &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;isFetchingWeather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;debounceId&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;               &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;keys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;              &lt;span class="n"&gt;newItemsKeyMap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;help&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;              &lt;span class="n"&gt;help&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;New&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;newModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Title&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"Find Cities"&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;newModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SetShowFilter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;newModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SetShowHelp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;newModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SetFilteringEnabled&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;newModel&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;






&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The &lt;code&gt;Init()&lt;/code&gt; method
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;Init()&lt;/code&gt; method runs when the &lt;code&gt;UI&lt;/code&gt; is first rendered. &lt;br&gt;
In this case, there’s nothing we need to do at startup, so we simply return nil&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ui&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;"github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea"&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;StateModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Init&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Cmd&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;We need two additional methods:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;Update&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;View&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If either of these three methods ( &lt;code&gt;Init()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Update()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;View()&lt;/code&gt; ) of our &lt;code&gt;StateModel&lt;/code&gt; struct is missing, the application will fail to compile.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The &lt;code&gt;View()&lt;/code&gt; method
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This method is responsible for displaying the &lt;code&gt;UI&lt;/code&gt; based on the current &lt;code&gt;model&lt;/code&gt; state.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;StateModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;View&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;helpView&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;renderContextualHelp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;height&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;max&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;lipgloss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;helpView&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="m"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;windowStyle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;Width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;Height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;Render&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;errorStyle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Render&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fmt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Sprintf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"❌ Error: %v"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;isFilterOpen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;searchContent&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lipgloss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;JoinVertical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;lipgloss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Left&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;titleStyle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Render&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"🌤️ Weather Search"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;View&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="s"&gt;""&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;View&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(),&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;windowStyle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;Width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;Height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;Render&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchContent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curItem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curWeather&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;renderWeather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curWeather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;windowStyle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;Width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;Height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;Render&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;"Loading..."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;lipgloss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;JoinVertical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;lipgloss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Left&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;helpView&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;There are two main states, either the filter for the cities is open or closed. When the filter is not open we check if we have a city and weather and render it. The full working code can be accessed from &lt;a href="https://github.com/Arnab-cloud/tui_weather_app" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;code&gt;github&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. We are using &lt;a href="https://github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;&lt;code&gt;lipgloss&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; for colors and styling.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  The &lt;code&gt;Update()&lt;/code&gt; method
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;Update()&lt;/code&gt; method has the following signature:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;StateModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Update&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Model&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Cmd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;It take a &lt;code&gt;tea.Msg&lt;/code&gt; as an argument, which is like an event. Whenever something changes ( like terminal resize, key press, mouse input, etc.) Bubble Tea emits a message ( &lt;code&gt;tea.Msg&lt;/code&gt; ) that is handled in this &lt;code&gt;Update()&lt;/code&gt; method.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you look closely you can see that &lt;code&gt;Update()&lt;/code&gt; method returns a &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;an updated &lt;code&gt;tea.Model&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;code&gt;tea.Cmd&lt;/code&gt;, which tells Bubble Tea to perform an action asynchronously.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Because commands run asynchronously, heavy or blocking work should never be done directly inside &lt;code&gt;Update()&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight js-code-highlight"&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight go"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;func&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;StateModel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Update&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Model&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Cmd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cmd&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Cmd&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;switch&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;WindowSizeMsg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// window is resized&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;height&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Height&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SetSize&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Width&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Height&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="m"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;citySearchResultMsg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// handles city search results&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SetItems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;locs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;weatherSearchResultMsg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// handle weather search results&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curWeather&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;weather&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;isFetchingWeather&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;debouncedMsg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// handle debounced requests&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;debounceId&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;id&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;performLocationSearch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;errorMsg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;err&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Quit&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;KeyMsg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class="c"&gt;// core logic. a key msg can be navigating keys&lt;/span&gt;
                      &lt;span class="c"&gt;// or keypresses when user searches for a city&lt;/span&gt;
                      &lt;span class="c"&gt;// quit or open/close filter view commands&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;switch&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;key&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Matches&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;keys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;quit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Focused&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Quit&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;key&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Matches&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;keys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;toggleFilter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;isFilterOpen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;isFilterOpen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Focus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Focused&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Focus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;isFilterOpen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Blur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;key&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Matches&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;keys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;choose&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ok&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;SelectedItem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;weather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;City&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;ok&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curItem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;isFilterOpen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Blur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;isFetchingWeather&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;cmd&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;performWeatherSearch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cmd&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;case&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;key&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Matches&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;keys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;back&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Focused&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Blur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;isFilterOpen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;isFilterOpen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Quit&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="k"&gt;default&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Focused&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cmd&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;searchResults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Update&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cmd&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

            &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cmd&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;textInput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Update&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;msg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Batch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;cmd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;debouncedSearch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;())&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;curM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cmd&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;p&gt;As you can see in this code snippet we are handling the filtering and results ourselves. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;When the text changes in the filter's text input. The &lt;code&gt;textInput.Model&lt;/code&gt; registers a &lt;code&gt;tea.keyMsg&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;We debounce the search request. After certain delay, we perform the search and register a &lt;code&gt;citySearchResultMsg&lt;/code&gt; which contains the city results.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Finally based on this results we update the list on the &lt;code&gt;TUI&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Fetching the weather is handled similarly.&lt;br&gt;
When the weather data is received, we update our model, close the filter view, and render the weather beautifully in the terminal.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This is basically it.&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;h3&gt;
  
  
  Some Small Details
&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Here we are actually caching the weather responses. If the weather is already available in the cache, that cache version is show, instead of making another API call.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;I downloaded a huge list of city information containing almost &lt;strong&gt;200000&lt;/strong&gt; cities. Then I put them into our &lt;code&gt;SQLite&lt;/code&gt; table. When the app searches for a city, it first looks up this local table, if not found only then it calls the &lt;em&gt;openweathermap.org&lt;/em&gt; &lt;code&gt;API&lt;/code&gt; to get the location coordinates.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;While building the binaries for a release version, I compressed the &lt;code&gt;DB&lt;/code&gt; in a &lt;code&gt;.gz&lt;/code&gt; file which contains all the tables and the city information.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;




&lt;h2&gt;
  
  
  Conclusion
&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There you have it, the most complicated weather app no one asked for, which I built anyway. I learned, GO backend, how TUI's work, migrations, effective debouncing, how to build a release binary, create GitHub assets and many more.&lt;br&gt;
Maybe the real learning is the fun I made along the way !!!&lt;/p&gt;

</description>
      <category>go</category>
      <category>bubbletea</category>
      <category>sqlite</category>
      <category>terminal</category>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
