Forem: AmnaAbd

JavaScript tips & tricks

AmnaAbd — Tue, 11 Jan 2022 13:09:03 +0000

Description 😋

This is a collection of JavaScript tips and tricks. you can refer to it and apply it to make your code more concise. But don't overdo it, it can make your code difficult to read and maintain. Hope everyone contributes, thanks.

Table Of Content 📃

Description
Table Of Content
Array
Object
Destructuring
Operator
Comparison
Others

Array

1. Generate an Array

Create an empty array of length n

  var arr = new Array(3);

  // result: arr = [undefined, undefined, undefined]

Create an empty array of length n & fill value x

  var arr = [...Array(3).fill(1)];
  var arr2 = [...Array(5).fill(1, 0, 3)];

  /* 
    result: arr = [1, 1, 1]
            arr2 = [1, 1, 1, undefined, undefined]
  */

Create an array containing 0...n

  var arr = [...Array.keys(5)];

  // result: arr = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

Create an array containing 1...n

  var arr = [];
  for (let i = 0; arr.push(++i) &lt; 4; );

  var arr2 = Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, i) =&gt; i + 1);
  var arr3 = Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, i) =&gt; i * 2);
  var arr4 = Array.from({ length: 4 }, () =&gt; Math.random());

  /* 
    result: arr =  [1, 2, 3, 4]
            arr2 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
            arr3 = [0, 2, 4, 6]
            arr4 = [0.211, 0.5123, 0.612, 0.8921]
  */

2. Extract Unique Values of Array

var arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 4];
var newArr = [...new Set(arr)];

// result: newArr = [1, 2, 3, 5, 4]

3. Shuffle Elements from Array

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
var newArr = arr.sort(() =&gt; Math.random() - 0.5);

// result: newArr = [3, 1, 2, 4, 5]

4. Flatten a Multidimensional Array

var arr = [1, [2, 3], [4, 5, 6], 7];
var newArr = [].concat(...arr);

// result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

5. Resize an Array

> The length array isn't a read only property.

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr.length = 2;

var arr2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr2.length = 0;

var arr3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr3.length = 7;

/*
  result: arr = [1, 2]
          arr2 = []
          arr3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, undefined, undefined]
*/

6. Random an Item in Array

var arr = [2, 4, 5];
var item = arr[Math.floor(Math.random() * arr.length)];

7. Remove an Item from Array

var arr = [1, 2, 3];

// Not Recommended
delete arr[1]; // arr = [1, undefined, 3], length = 3

// Recommended
arr.splice(1, 1); // arr = [1, 3], length = 2

Object

1. Dynamic Property Name

const dynamic = 'age',
    dynamicValue = 18;

var obj = {
    name: 'Dyno',
    [dynamic]: dynamicValue,
};

// result: obj = { name: 'Dyno', age: 18 }

2. Clone an Object

Shallow copy (Not Recommended)

> Use the = operator to copy object 1 into object 2. These 2 objects point to the same memory area (reference). Therefore, if we change object 1, object 2 will also change.

  var obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2 };
  var obj2 = obj1; // obj2 = { a: 1, b: 2 }

  obj1.a = 3; // change value of a property

  console.log(obj1); // { a: 3, b: 2 }
  console.log(obj2); // { a: 3, b: 2 } =&gt; property a of obj2 changed 🙂❗
  console.log(obj3); // { a: 3, b: 2 } =&gt; property a of obj2 changed 🙂❗

Deep copy

> Way 1: Use Spread operator {...} or Object.assign() to fix "Shallow copy". Issue: Nested objects still have shallow copy problem.

  var obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } };
  var obj2 = { ...obj1 }; // obj2 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } }
  var obj3 = Object.assign({}, obj1); // obj3 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } }

  obj1.b = 3;
  obj1.c.nested = 4;

  console.log(obj1); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: { nested: 4 } }
  console.log(obj2); // { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 4 } } 🙂
  console.log(obj3); // { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 4 } } 🙂

> Way 2 (Recommended): Use JSON.stringify() & JSON.parse() to solve the above problems.

  var obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } };
  var obj2 = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(obj1)); // obj2 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } }

  obj1.b = 3;
  obj1.c.nested = 4;

  console.log(obj1); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: { nested: 4 } }
  console.log(obj2); // { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } } 😉😘

Destructuring (ES6+)

1. With Array

var [a, b] = [1, 2];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2;

var [a, b, c] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;

var [a, , c] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
// same: var a = 1, c = 3
// ignore values

var [a, b, ...rest] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, rest = [4, 5]
// use "rest params ES6"

var [a, b, c] = [1, 2];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, c = undefined;

var [a, b = 0, c = 0] = [1, 2];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, c = 0;
// declare and set default value

var [a, b, [c, d], e] = [1, 2, [3, 4], 5];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, e = 5
// nested array destructuring

2. With Object

var person = { name: 'Dyno', age: 18 };

var { name, age } = person;
// same: var name = person.name, age = person.age;

var { name = 'Anonymous', age = 1, address = 'HCM city' } = person;
// same: var name = person.name, age = person.age, address: 'HCM city'
// declare and set default value

var { name: personName, age: personAge } = person;
// same: var personName =  person.name, personAge = person.age
// decleare and change variable name

console.log({ name, age });
// same: console.log({ name: name, age: age })

var person = { name: 'Dyno', age: 18, infor: { address: 'HCM', phone: '123' } };
var {
    name,
    age,
    infor: { address, phone },
} = person;
// same: name = person.name, age = person.agem, address = person.infor.address, phone = person.infor.phone
// nested object destructuring

Operator

1. Optional chaining (?.)

> "The optional chaining operator ?. enables you to read the value of a property located deep within a chain of connected objects without having to check that each reference in the chain is valid." MDN

const person = {
    name: 'Dyno',
    age: 18,
    sayHello: function () {
        console.log('Hello');
    },
};

// ❗ Wrong way
console.log(person.infor.address); // ❌ Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'address' of undefined

// ✅ Right way (check condition)
if (person.infor) console.log(person.infor.address); // Not log

// ✅ Right way (use ?.)
console.log(person.infor?.address); // undefined

// Optional chaining with function calls
console.log(person.sayHello?.()); // Hello
console.log(person.callPhone?.()); // undefined

// A chain Optional chaining
console.log(person.infor?.address?.province?.name); // undefined

// syntax
obj.val?.prop;
obj.val?.[expr];
obj.arr?.[index];
obj.func?.(args);

2. Nullish coalescing operator (??)

> "The nullish coalescing operator ?? is a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand side operand is null or undefined, and otherwise returns its left-hand side operand." MDN

var a = null ?? 'Default'; // a = 'Default'
var a = false ?? 'Default'; // a = false

3. Logical OR (||)

var a = 1,
    b = 2;

if (a &gt; 2 || b &gt; 1) console.log('Dyno');

// result: Dyno

> The OR operator || is a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand side operand is falsy, and otherwise returns its left-hand side operand.

var a = null || 'Default'; // a = 'Default'
var a = false || 'Default'; // a = 'Default'

4. Logical AND (&amp;&amp;)

let a = true,
    b = true,
    c = false;

if (a &amp;&amp; b) console.log('Hello'); // Hello (a, b = true)

if (a &amp;&amp; c) console.log('Dyno'); // not log (c = false)

// other usage
function sayHi() {
    console.log('Hi');
}

a &amp;&amp; sayHi(); // Hi
c &amp;&amp; sayHi(); // false

5. Double tilde operator (~~)

let num = 2.6;
console.log(~~num); // 2 = Math.floor(2)

6. Logical Assignment Operator ES12  (||=, ??=)

a ||= b; // same a = a || b;
a ??= b; // same a = a ?? b;

7. Numeric separator ES12 (_)

const n = 1_000_000_000; // same: n = 1000000000;

Comparison

1. Use === instead of ==

> The operator == (!=) will automatically cast if 2 variables are not of the same type, then compare. The === (!==) operator compares the value and the type => === faster than ==.

  1 == '1' // true
  1 === '1' // false

  0 == false // true
  0 === false // false

  '' == false // true
  '' === false // false

  [] == 0 // true
  [] === 0 // false

2. The difference between isNaN() and Number.isNaN()

> The isNaN() method (is Not a Number ?) use to check if a variable is a Number. The Number.isNaN() (is NaN ?) method use to check if a variable is NaN

isNaN('string');
// true, 'string' is not Number

isNaN([]);
// true, [] is not Number

isNaN(0 / 0);
// true, 0/0 is not Number

isNaN(1);
// false, 1 is Number

Number.isNaN('string');
// false, 'string' is not NaN

Number.isNaN([]);
// false, [] is not NaN

Number.isNaN(0 / 0);
// true, 0/0 is NaN

Number.isNaN(NaN);
// true

Others

1. Swapping use Destructuring

let a = 1,
    b = 2;

[a, b] = [b, a];

// result: a = 2, b = 1;

2. Create function that returns only 1 object

const fn = () =&gt; ({ obj: 1 });

/*
  same: const fn = () =&gt; {
    return { obj: 1 }
  }
*/

3. Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE)

> The function will execute automatically when you create it.

  // Way 1:
  var res = ()(function(){
    // do something...
    console.log("Hello");
    return true;
  })();
  // result: Hello, res = true;

  // Way 2:
  var res = (() =&gt; {
    console.log('Hello');
    return true;
  })();
  // result: Hello, res = true;

4. typeof vs instanceof

> typeof: return a string that represents the primitive type of a variable.

> instanceof: check in all the prototypes chain the constructor it returns true if it’s found and false if not.

var arr = [1, 2, 3];
console.log(typeof arr); // "object"
console.log(arr instanceof Array); // true

typeof 1; // "number"
typeof NaN; // "number"
typeof 'str'; // "string"
typeof true; // "boolean"
typeof {}; // "object"
typeof []; // "object"
typeof null; // "object"
typeof undefined; // "undefined"
typeof function name() {}; // "function"

5. Falsy

> A Falsy value is a value that is considered false when encountered in a Boolean context . MDN

> Complete list of JavaScript falsy values false, 0, -0, 0n, "", '',, NaN, null, undefined, document.all

> Falsy value bypass the if block. Ex:

if (null) {
} else {
    console.log('Falsy');
}

const a = undefined || 'Falsy';

// result: Falsy, a = "Falsy"

> Filter out Falsy values

const arr = [1, 'Dyno', false, 0, true, NaN, 2000];
var filteredArr = arr.filter(Boolean);

// result: filteredArr = [1, "Dyno", true, 2000]

6. Template string `${}`

const name = 'Dyno';
const hello1 = 'Hello ' + name + ', how are you?';
const hello2 = `Hello ${name}, how are you?`; // template string.

7. Rounding number to n decimal place

var num = 25.0420001;
console.log(typeof num); // "number"

num = num.toFixed(2); // num = "25.04"
console.log(typeof num); // ❗ "string"

8. Check variable - convert a variable to Boolean (!! operator)

console.log(!!null); // false
console.log(!!undefined); // false
console.log(!!1); // true

javascript-tricks

AmnaAbd — Tue, 11 Jan 2022 12:58:27 +0000

Arrays

Union of arrays

let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let b = [3, 4, 5, 6, 7];

let result = [...new Set([...a, ...b])]; // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

Intersection of arrays

let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let b = [2, 3, 4, 6];

let result = a.filter(val => ~b.indexOf(val)); // [2, 3, 4]

Get non intersected values

let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let b = [2, 3, 4, 6];

let result = a.filter(val => !~b.indexOf(val)); // [1, 5]

Printing array of array values in a new line

const a = [
  [11],
  [7, 15],
  [5, 9, 13, 20],
  [3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 25]
];
const result = a.reduce((el, acc) => el + acc.join(' ') + '\n', '\n');

// output
/*
  11
  7 15
  5 9 13 20
  3 6 8 10 12 14 18 25
*/

Removing duplicates from an array


/*
 #method 1
*/

  let fruits = ['banana','mango','apple','sugarcane','mango','apple']

  let uniqueFruits = Array.from(new Set(fruits));

 // uniqueFruits -- [ 'banana', 'manago', 'apple', 'sugarcane' ]

/*
 # method 2
*/

  let uniqueFruits2 = [...new Set(fruits)];

  // uniqueFruits2 -- [ 'banana', 'manago', 'apple', 'sugarcane' ]

Replace the specific value in an array

    var fruits2 = [...fruits];

    fruits2.splice(0,2,"potato","tomato");

    // fruits2  ['potato', 'tomato', 'apple', 'sugarcane', 'manago', 'apple' ]

Mapping array without maps


  let friends = [
      {name:"John", age:22},
      {name:"Peter", age:23},
      {name:"bimbo",age:34},
      {name:"mark",age:45},
      {name:"Esther",age:21},
      {name:"Monica",age:19}
  ];

  let friendNames = Array.from(friends,({name})=>name);

  // friendNames --   ['John', 'Peter', 'bimbo', 'mark', 'Esther', 'Monica' ]

Emptying an array

  let fruits = ['banana','mango','apple','sugarcane','mango','apple']

  fruits.length = 0;

  // fruits -- []

Convert an array to an object

   let fruits = ['banana','manago','apple','sugarcane','manago','apple']

   const fruitsObj = {...fruits};

   //  fruitsObj --  {'0': 'banana','1': 'mango', '2': 'apple','3': 'sugarcane','4': 'mango','5': 'apple'}

### Fulfill array with data

  let newArray = new Array(10).fill("1");

  // newArray -- ['1', '1', '1', '1','1', '1', '1', '1','1', '1']

Merging Arrays

  let fruits = ['banana','manago','apple'];
  let meat = ["Poultry","beef","fish"]
  let vegetables = ["Potato","tomato","cucumber"];
  let food = [...fruits,...meat,...vegetables];

  // food  -- ['banana',  'manago','apple',   'sugarcane','manago',  'apple','Poultry', 'beef','fish',    'Potato','tomato',  'cucumber']

Merging only duplicates value in two arrays

    let numOne = [0,2,4,6,8,8];
    let numTwo = [1,2,3,4,5,6];

    const duplicatedValue = [...new Set(numOne)].filter(item=>numTwo.includes(item));
    // duplicatedValue -- [ 2, 4, 6 ]

Remove falsy value from an array.

    const mixedArray = [0,"blue","",NaN,true,undefined,"white",false];
    const filteredArray = mixedArray.filter(Boolean);

    // filteredArray -- [ 'blue', true, 'white' ]

Reverse an array

  const colors = ['blue','red','green','black'];

  const reverseColors = colors.reverse();
  // reverseColors  -- [ 'black', 'green', 'red', 'blue' ]

Sum of the value in an array

  const val = [1,4,5,7];

  const valSum = val.reduce((x,y)=>x+y);

  // valSum --  17

Generate an array from a function Arguments

 function f() {
    return Array.from(arguments);
  }
  f(1,2,4))

  // result -- [1,2,4]

Strings

Reverse a string

let str = str.split('').reverse().join('');

Replace a character at a particular index

function replaceAt(str, i, char) {
  return s.substring(0, i) + char + str.substring(i + 1);
}

Remove last character in a string


javascript

// using substring
str.substring(0, str.length - 1);

// using slice
str.slice(0, -1)

Programming Languages & Their uses

AmnaAbd — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 14:24:30 +0000

CSS Units Cheat Sheet

AmnaAbd — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 14:22:32 +0000

Happy coding!

Small .Net 6 Improvement

AmnaAbd — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 12:56:11 +0000

Nice small improvement for ArgumentNullException in .NET 6.

No need to check for null in every method before throwing an exception.

Now it is a one-liner. 🙌

dotnet6 #coding #devcommunity

JavaScript tips & tricks

AmnaAbd — Tue, 12 Oct 2021 12:58:11 +0000

JavaScript tips & tricks

Description 😋

This is a collection of JavaScript tips and tricks. you can refer to it and apply it to make your code more concise. But don't overdo it, it can make your code difficult to read and maintain. Hope everyone contributes, thanks.

Table Of Content 📃

Description
Table Of Content
Array
Object
Destructuring
Operator
Comparison
Others

Array

1. Generate an Array

Create an empty array of length n

  var arr = new Array(3);

  // result: arr = [undefined, undefined, undefined]

Create an empty array of length n & fill value x

  var arr = [...Array(3).fill(1)];
  var arr2 = [...Array(5).fill(1, 0, 3)];

  /* 
    result: arr = [1, 1, 1]
            arr2 = [1, 1, 1, undefined, undefined]
  */

Create an array containing 0...n

  var arr = [...Array.keys(5)];

  // result: arr = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

Create an array containing 1...n

  var arr = [];
  for (let i = 0; arr.push(++i) &lt; 4; );

  var arr2 = Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, i) =&gt; i + 1);
  var arr3 = Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, i) =&gt; i * 2);
  var arr4 = Array.from({ length: 4 }, () =&gt; Math.random());

  /* 
    result: arr =  [1, 2, 3, 4]
            arr2 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
            arr3 = [0, 2, 4, 6]
            arr4 = [0.211, 0.5123, 0.612, 0.8921]
  */

2. Extract Unique Values of Array

var arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 4];
var newArr = [...new Set(arr)];

// result: newArr = [1, 2, 3, 5, 4]

3. Shuffle Elements from Array

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
var newArr = arr.sort(() =&gt; Math.random() - 0.5);

// result: newArr = [3, 1, 2, 4, 5]

4. Flatten a Multidimensional Array

var arr = [1, [2, 3], [4, 5, 6], 7];
var newArr = [].concat(...arr);

// result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

5. Resize an Array

> The length array isn't a read only property.

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr.length = 2;

var arr2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr2.length = 0;

var arr3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr3.length = 7;

/*
  result: arr = [1, 2]
          arr2 = []
          arr3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, undefined, undefined]
*/

6. Random an Item in Array

var arr = [2, 4, 5];
var item = arr[Math.floor(Math.random() * arr.length)];

7. Remove an Item from Array

var arr = [1, 2, 3];

// Not Recommended
delete arr[1]; // arr = [1, undefined, 3], length = 3

// Recommended
arr.splice(1, 1); // arr = [1, 3], length = 2

Object

1. Dynamic Property Name

const dynamic = 'age',
    dynamicValue = 18;

var obj = {
    name: 'Dyno',
    [dynamic]: dynamicValue,
};

// result: obj = { name: 'Dyno', age: 18 }

2. Clone an Object

Shallow copy (Not Recommended)

> Use the = operator to copy object 1 into object 2. These 2 objects point to the same memory area (reference). Therefore, if we change object 1, object 2 will also change.

  var obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2 };
  var obj2 = obj1; // obj2 = { a: 1, b: 2 }

  obj1.a = 3; // change value of a property

  console.log(obj1); // { a: 3, b: 2 }
  console.log(obj2); // { a: 3, b: 2 } =&gt; property a of obj2 changed 🙂❗
  console.log(obj3); // { a: 3, b: 2 } =&gt; property a of obj2 changed 🙂❗

Deep copy

> Way 1: Use Spread operator {...} or Object.assign() to fix "Shallow copy". Issue: Nested objects still have shallow copy problem.

  var obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } };
  var obj2 = { ...obj1 }; // obj2 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } }
  var obj3 = Object.assign({}, obj1); // obj3 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } }

  obj1.b = 3;
  obj1.c.nested = 4;

  console.log(obj1); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: { nested: 4 } }
  console.log(obj2); // { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 4 } } 🙂
  console.log(obj3); // { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 4 } } 🙂

> Way 2 (Recommended): Use JSON.stringify() & JSON.parse() to solve the above problems.

  var obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } };
  var obj2 = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(obj1)); // obj2 = { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } }

  obj1.b = 3;
  obj1.c.nested = 4;

  console.log(obj1); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: { nested: 4 } }
  console.log(obj2); // { a: 1, b: 2, c: { nested: 3 } } 😉😘

Destructuring (ES6+)

1. With Array

var [a, b] = [1, 2];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2;

var [a, b, c] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;

var [a, , c] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
// same: var a = 1, c = 3
// ignore values

var [a, b, ...rest] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, rest = [4, 5]
// use "rest params ES6"

var [a, b, c] = [1, 2];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, c = undefined;

var [a, b = 0, c = 0] = [1, 2];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, c = 0;
// declare and set default value

var [a, b, [c, d], e] = [1, 2, [3, 4], 5];
// same: var a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, e = 5
// nested array destructuring

2. With Object

var person = { name: 'Dyno', age: 18 };

var { name, age } = person;
// same: var name = person.name, age = person.age;

var { name = 'Anonymous', age = 1, address = 'HCM city' } = person;
// same: var name = person.name, age = person.age, address: 'HCM city'
// declare and set default value

var { name: personName, age: personAge } = person;
// same: var personName =  person.name, personAge = person.age
// decleare and change variable name

console.log({ name, age });
// same: console.log({ name: name, age: age })

var person = { name: 'Dyno', age: 18, infor: { address: 'HCM', phone: '123' } };
var {
    name,
    age,
    infor: { address, phone },
} = person;
// same: name = person.name, age = person.agem, address = person.infor.address, phone = person.infor.phone
// nested object destructuring

Operator

1. Optional chaining (?.)

const person = {
    name: 'Dyno',
    age: 18,
    sayHello: function () {
        console.log('Hello');
    },
};

// ❗ Wrong way
console.log(person.infor.address); // ❌ Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'address' of undefined

// ✅ Right way (check condition)
if (person.infor) console.log(person.infor.address); // Not log

// ✅ Right way (use ?.)
console.log(person.infor?.address); // undefined

// Optional chaining with function calls
console.log(person.sayHello?.()); // Hello
console.log(person.callPhone?.()); // undefined

// A chain Optional chaining
console.log(person.infor?.address?.province?.name); // undefined

// syntax
obj.val?.prop;
obj.val?.[expr];
obj.arr?.[index];
obj.func?.(args);

2. Nullish coalescing operator (??)

var a = null ?? 'Default'; // a = 'Default'
var a = false ?? 'Default'; // a = false

3. Logical OR (||)

var a = 1,
    b = 2;

if (a &gt; 2 || b &gt; 1) console.log('Dyno');

// result: Dyno

> The OR operator || is a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand side operand is falsy, and otherwise returns its left-hand side operand.

var a = null || 'Default'; // a = 'Default'
var a = false || 'Default'; // a = 'Default'

4. Logical AND (&amp;&amp;)

let a = true,
    b = true,
    c = false;

if (a &amp;&amp; b) console.log('Hello'); // Hello (a, b = true)

if (a &amp;&amp; c) console.log('Dyno'); // not log (c = false)

// other usage
function sayHi() {
    console.log('Hi');
}

a &amp;&amp; sayHi(); // Hi
c &amp;&amp; sayHi(); // false

5. Double tilde operator (~~)

let num = 2.6;
console.log(~~num); // 2 = Math.floor(2)

6. Logical Assignment Operator ES12  (||=, ??=)

a ||= b; // same a = a || b;
a ??= b; // same a = a ?? b;

7. Numeric separator ES12 (_)

const n = 1_000_000_000; // same: n = 1000000000;

Comparison

1. Use === instead of ==

> The operator == (!=) will automatically cast if 2 variables are not of the same type, then compare. The === (!==) operator compares the value and the type => === faster than ==.

  1 == '1' // true
  1 === '1' // false

  0 == false // true
  0 === false // false

  '' == false // true
  '' === false // false

  [] == 0 // true
  [] === 0 // false

2. The difference between isNaN() and Number.isNaN()

> The isNaN() method (is Not a Number ?) use to check if a variable is a Number. The Number.isNaN() (is NaN ?) method use to check if a variable is NaN

isNaN('string');
// true, 'string' is not Number

isNaN([]);
// true, [] is not Number

isNaN(0 / 0);
// true, 0/0 is not Number

isNaN(1);
// false, 1 is Number

Number.isNaN('string');
// false, 'string' is not NaN

Number.isNaN([]);
// false, [] is not NaN

Number.isNaN(0 / 0);
// true, 0/0 is NaN

Number.isNaN(NaN);
// true

Others

1. Swapping use Destructuring

let a = 1,
    b = 2;

[a, b] = [b, a];

// result: a = 2, b = 1;

2. Create function that returns only 1 object

const fn = () =&gt; ({ obj: 1 });

/*
  same: const fn = () =&gt; {
    return { obj: 1 }
  }
*/

3. Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE)

> The function will execute automatically when you create it.

  // Way 1:
  var res = ()(function(){
    // do something...
    console.log("Hello");
    return true;
  })();
  // result: Hello, res = true;

  // Way 2:
  var res = (() =&gt; {
    console.log('Hello');
    return true;
  })();
  // result: Hello, res = true;

4. typeof vs instanceof

> typeof: return a string that represents the primitive type of a variable.

> instanceof: check in all the prototypes chain the constructor it returns true if it’s found and false if not.

var arr = [1, 2, 3];
console.log(typeof arr); // "object"
console.log(arr instanceof Array); // true

typeof 1; // "number"
typeof NaN; // "number"
typeof 'str'; // "string"
typeof true; // "boolean"
typeof {}; // "object"
typeof []; // "object"
typeof null; // "object"
typeof undefined; // "undefined"
typeof function name() {}; // "function"

5. Falsy

> A Falsy value is a value that is considered false when encountered in a Boolean context . MDN

> Complete list of JavaScript falsy values false, 0, -0, 0n, "", '',, NaN, null, undefined, document.all

> Falsy value bypass the if block. Ex:

if (null) {
} else {
    console.log('Falsy');
}

const a = undefined || 'Falsy';

// result: Falsy, a = "Falsy"

> Filter out Falsy values

const arr = [1, 'Dyno', false, 0, true, NaN, 2000];
var filteredArr = arr.filter(Boolean);

// result: filteredArr = [1, "Dyno", true, 2000]

6. Template string `${}`

const name = 'Dyno';
const hello1 = 'Hello ' + name + ', how are you?';
const hello2 = `Hello ${name}, how are you?`; // template string.

7. Rounding number to n decimal place

var num = 25.0420001;
console.log(typeof num); // "number"

num = num.toFixed(2); // num = "25.04"
console.log(typeof num); // ❗ "string"

8. Check variable - convert a variable to Boolean (!! operator)

console.log(!!null); // false
console.log(!!undefined); // false
console.log(!!1); // true

Basic JavaScript Functions.

AmnaAbd — Tue, 12 Oct 2021 12:16:09 +0000

js-function-fun

A list of small & fun functional programming exercises in JavaScript.

Testing

To test the functions:

Run npm install to install the dependencies (need node.js for npm).
Change filename in test/tests.js to the name of your solution file.
Make sure your solution file is in the Solutions folder.
Make sure your function names match the ones listed below as you're coding them.
Finally, npm run test to run the tests.

Functions

identity(x) ⇒ `any`

Write a function identity that
takes an argument and returns
that argument

Param	Type
x	`any`

Example

identity(3) // 3

addb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

Write a binary function addb
that takes two numbers and returns
their sum

Param	Type
a	`number`
b	`number`

Example

addb(3, 4) // 3 + 4 = 7

subb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

Write a binary function subb
that takes two numbers and returns
their difference

Param	Type
a	`number`
b	`number`

Example

subb(3, 4) // 3 - 4 = -1

mulb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

Write a binary function mulb
that takes two numbers and returns
their product

Param	Type
a	`number`
b	`number`

Example

mulb(3, 4) // 3 * 4 = 12

minb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

Write a binary function minb
that takes two numbers and returns
the smaller one

Param	Type
a	`number`
b	`number`

Example

minb(3, 4) // 3

maxb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

Write a binary function maxb
that takes two numbers and returns
the larger one

Param	Type
a	`number`
b	`number`

Example

maxb(3, 4) // 4

add(...nums) ⇒ `number`

Write a function add that
is generalized for any
amount of arguments

Param	Type
...nums	`number`

Example

add(1, 2, 4) // 1 + 2 + 4 = 7

sub(...nums) ⇒ `number`

Write a function sub that
is generalized for any
amount of arguments

Param	Type
...nums	`number`

Example

sub(1, 2, 4) // 1 - 2 - 4 = -5

mul(...nums) ⇒ `number`

Write a function mul that
is generalized for any
amount of arguments

Param	Type
...nums	`number`

Example

mul(1, 2, 4) // 1 * 2 * 4 = 8

min(...nums) ⇒ `number`

Write a function min that
is generalized for any
amount of arguments

Param	Type
...nums	`number`

Example

min(1, 2, 4) // 1

max(...nums) ⇒ `number`

Write a function max that
is generalized for any
amount of arguments

Param	Type
...nums	`number`

Example

max(1, 2, 4) // 4

addRecurse(...nums) ⇒ `number`

Write a function addRecurse that
is the generalized add function
but uses recursion

Param	Type
...nums	`number`

Example

addRecurse(1, 2, 4) // 1 + 2 + 4 = 7

mulRecurse(...nums) ⇒ `number`

Write a function mulRecurse that
is the generalized mul function
but uses recursion

Param	Type
...nums	`number`

Example

mulRecurse(1, 2, 4) // 1 * 2 * 4 = 8

minRecurse(...nums) ⇒ `number`

Write a function minRecurse that
is the generalized min function
but uses recursion

Param	Type
...nums	`number`

Example

minRecurse(1, 2, 4) // 1

maxRecurse(...nums) ⇒ `number`

Write a function maxRecurse that
is the generalized max function
but uses recursion

Param	Type
...nums	`number`

Example

maxRecurse(1, 2, 4) // 4

not(func) ⇒ `function`

Write a function not that
takes a function and returns
the negation of its result

Param	Type
func	`function`

Example

const isOdd = (x) => x % 2 === 1
const isEven = not(isOdd)
isEven(1) // false
isEven(2) // true

acc(func, initial) ⇒ `function`

Write a function acc that
takes a function and an
initial value and returns
a function that runs the
initial function on each
argument, accumulating the
result

Param	Type
func	`function`
initial	`any`

Example

let add = acc(addb, 0)
add(1, 2, 4) // 7

let mul = acc(mulb, 1)
mul(1, 2, 4) // 8

accPartial(func, start, end) ⇒ `function`

Write a function accPartial that
takes in a function, a start index,
and an end index, and returns a
function that accumulates a subset
of its arguments by applying the
given function to all elements
between start and end.

Param	Type
func	`function`
start	`number`
end	`number`

Example

const addSecondToThird = accPartial(add, 1, 3)
addSecondToThird(1, 2, 4, 8) // [ 1, 6, 8 ]

accRecurse(func, initial) ⇒ `function`

Write a function accRecurse that
does what acc does but uses recursion

Param	Type
func	`function`
initial	`number`

Example

let add = accRecurse(addb, 0)
add(1, 2, 4) // 7

let mul = accRecurse(mulb, 1)
mul(1, 2, 4) // 8

fill(num) ⇒ `array`

Write a function fill that
takes a number and returns
an array with that many
numbers equal to the given
number

Param	Type
num	`number`

Example

fill(3) // [ 3, 3, 3 ]

fillRecurse(num) ⇒ `array`

Write a function fillRecurse that
does what fill does but uses recursion

Param	Type
num	`number`

Example

fillRecurse(3) // [ 3, 3, 3 ]

set(...args) ⇒ `array`

Write a function set that
is given a list of arguments
and returns an array with
all duplicates removed

Param	Type
...args	`any`

Example

let oneAndTwo = set(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2) // [ 1, 2 ]

identityf(x) ⇒ `function`

Write a function identityf
that takes an argument and
returns a function that
returns that argument

Param	Type
x	`any`

Example

let three = identityf(3)
three() // 3

addf(a) ⇒ `function`

Write a function addf that
adds from two invocations

Param	Type
a	`number`

Example

addf(3)(4) // 7

liftf(binary) ⇒ `function`

Write a function liftf that
takes a binary function, and
makes it callable with two
invocations

Param	Type
binary	`function`

Example

let addf = liftf(addb)
addf(3)(4) // 7

liftf(mulb)(5)(6) // 30

pure(x, y) ⇒ `array`

Write a pure function pure that
is a wrapper arround the impure
function impure

function impure(x) {
  y++;
  z = x * y;
}

var y = 5, z;

impure(20);
z; // 120

impure(25);
z; // 175

Returns: array - an array containing y and z

Param	Type
x	`number`
y	`number`

Example

pure(20, 5) // [ 6, 120 ]
pure(25, 6) // [ 7, 175 ]

curryb(binary, a) ⇒ `function`

Write a function curryb that
takes a binary function and
an argument, and returns a
function that can take a
second argument

Param	Type
binary	`function`
a	`any`

Example

let add3 = curryb(addb, 3)
add3(4) // 7

curryb(mulb, 5)(6) // 30

curry(func, ...outer) ⇒ `function`

Write a function curry that
is generalized for any amount
of arguments

Param	Type
func	`function`
...outer	`any`

Example

curry(add, 1, 2, 4)(4, 2, 1) = 1 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 14
curry(sub, 1, 2, 4)(4, 2, 1) = 1 - 2 - 4 - 4 - 2 - 1 = -12
curry(mul, 1, 2, 4)(4, 2, 1) = 1 * 2 * 4 * 4 * 2 * 1 = 64

inc(x) ⇒ `number`

Without writting any new functions,
show multiple ways to create the inc
function

Param	Type
x	`number`

Example

inc(5) // 6
inc(inc(5)) // 7

twiceUnary(binary) ⇒ `function`

Write a function twiceUnary
that takes a binary function
and returns a unary function
that passes its argument to
the binary function twice

Param	Type
binary	`function`

Example

let doubl = twiceUnary(addb)
doubl(11) // 22

let square = twiceUnary(mulb)
square(11) // 121

doubl(x) ⇒ `number`

Use the function twiceUnary to
create the doubl function

Param	Type
x	`number`

Example

doubl(11) // 22

square(x) ⇒ `number`

Use the function twiceUnary to
create the square function

Param	Type
x	`number`

Example

square(11) // 121

twice(x) ⇒ `any`

Write a function twice that
is generalized for any amount
of arguments

Param	Type
x	`function`

Example

let doubleSum = twice(add)
doubleSum(1, 2, 4) // 1 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 4 = 14

reverseb(binary) ⇒ `function`

Write a function reverseb that
reverses the arguments of a
binary function

Param	Type
binary	`function`

Example

let bus = reverseb(subb)
bus(3, 2) // -1

reverse(func) ⇒ `function`

Write a function reverse that
is generalized for any amount
of arguments

Param	Type
func	`function`

Example

reverse(sub)(1, 2, 4) // 4 - 2 - 1 = 1

composeuTwo(unary1, unary2) ⇒ `function`

Write a function composeuTwo that
takes two unary functions and
returns a unary function that
calls them both

Param	Type
unary1	`function`
unary2	`function`

Example

composeuTwo(doubl, square)(5) // 100

composeu(...funcs) ⇒ `any`

Write a function composeu that
is generalized for any amount
of arguments

Param	Type
...funcs	`function`

Example

composeu(doubl, square, identity, curry(add, 1, 2))(5) // (5 + 5) * (5 + 5) + 1 + 2 = 103

composeb(binary1, binary2) ⇒ `function`

Write a function composeb that
takes two binary functions and
returns a function that calls
them both

Param	Type
binary1	`function`
binary2	`function`

Example

composeb(addb, mulb)(2, 3, 7) // 35

composeTwo(func1, func2) ⇒ `function`

Write a function composeTwo that
takes two functions and returns a
function that calls them both

Param	Type
func1	`function`
func2	`function`

Example

composeTwo(add, square)(2, 3, 7) // (2 + 3 + 7)^2 = 144

compose(...funcs) ⇒ `function`

Write a function compose that
takes any amount of functions
and returns a function that takes
any amount of arguments and gives
them to the first function, then
that result to the second function
and so on

Param	Type
...funcs	`function`

Example

const f = compose(add, doubl, fill, max)
f(0, 1, 2)
// add(0, 1, 2) -> 3
// doubl(3) -> 6
// fill(6) -> [ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]
// max([ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]) -> 6

limitb(binary, lmt) ⇒ `function`

Write a function limitb
that allows a binary function
to be called a limited number
of times

Param	Type
binary	`function`
lmt	`number`

Example

let addLmtb = limitb(addb, 1)
addLmtb(3, 4) // 7
addLmtb(3, 5) // undefined

limit(func, lmt) ⇒ `function`

Write a function limit that
is generalized for any amount
of arguments

Param	Type
func	`function`
lmt	`number`

Example

let addLmt = limit(add, 1)
addLmt(1, 2, 4) // 7
addLmt(3, 5, 9, 2) // undefined

genFrom(x) ⇒ `function`

Write a function genFrom that
produces a generator that will
produces a series of values

Param	Type
x	`number`

Example

let index = genFrom(0)

index.next().value // 0
index.next().value // 1
index.next().value // 2

genTo(gen, lmt) ⇒ `function`

Write a function genTo that
takes a generator and an end
limit, and returns a generator
that will produce numbers up
to that limit

Param	Type
gen	`function`
lmt	`number`

Example

let index = genTo(genFrom(1), 3)

index() // 1
index() // 2
index() // undefined

genFromTo(start, end) ⇒ `function`

Write a function genFromTo that
produces a generator that will
produce values in a range

Param	Type
start	`number`
end	`number`

Example

let index = genFromTo(0, 3)
index() // 0
index() // 1
index() // 2
index() // undefined

elementGen(array, gen) ⇒ `function`

Write a function elementGen that
takes an array and a generator
and returns a generator that will
produce elements from the array

Param	Type
array	`array`
gen	`function`

Example

let ele = elementGen(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], genFromTo(1, 3))

ele() // 'b'
ele() // 'c'
ele() // undefined

element(array, gen) ⇒ `function`

Write a function element that is a
modified elementGen function so that
the generator argument is optional.
If a generator is not provided, then
each of the elements of the array
will be produced.

Param	Type
array	`array`
gen	`function`

Example

let ele = element(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

ele() // 'a'
ele() // 'b'
ele() // 'c'
ele() // 'd'
ele() // undefined

collect(gen, array) ⇒ `function`

Write a function collect that takes a
generator and an array and produces
a function that will collect the results
in the array

Param	Type
gen	`function`
array	`array`

Example

let array = []
let col = collect(genFromTo(0, 2), array)

col() // 0
col() // 1
col() // undefined
array // [0, 1]

filter(gen, predicate) ⇒ `function`

Write a function filter that takes a
generator and a predicate and produces
a generator that produces only the
values approved by the predicate

Param	Type
gen	`function`
predicate	`function`

Example

let fil = filter(genFromTo(0, 5), (val) => val % 3 === 0)

fil() // 0
fil() // 3
fil() // undefined

filterTail(gen, predicate) ⇒ `function`

Write a function filterTail that uses
tail-recursion to perform the filtering

Param	Type
gen	`function`
predicate	`function`

Example

let third = (val) => val % 3 === 0
let fil = filterTail(genFromTo(0, 5), third)

fil() // 0
fil() // 3
fil() // undefined

concatTwo(gen1, gen2) ⇒ `function`

Write a function concatTwo that takes
two generators and produces a generator
that combines the sequences

Param	Type
gen1	`function`
gen2	`function`

Example

let con = concatTwo(genFromTo(0, 3), genFromTo(0, 2))
con() // 0
con() // 1
con() // 2
con() // 0
con() // 1
con() // undefined

concat(...gens) ⇒ `function`

Write a function concat that
is generalized for any amount
of arguments

Param	Type
...gens	`function`

Example

let con = concat(genFromTo(0, 3), genFromTo(0, 2), genFromTo(5, 7))
con() // 0
con() // 1
con() // 2
con() // 0
con() // 1
col() // 5
col() // 6
con() // undefined

concatTail(...gens) ⇒ `function`

Write a function concatTail that uses
tail-recursion to perform the concating

Param	Type
...gens	`function`

Example

let con = concatTail(genFromTo(0, 3), genFromTo(0, 2), genFromTo(5, 7))
con() // 0
con() // 1
con() // 2
con() // 0
con() // 1
col() // 5
col() // 6
con() // undefined

gensymf(symbol) ⇒ `function`

Write a function gensymf that
makes a function that generates
unique symbols

Param	Type
symbol	`string`

Example

let genG = gensymf('G')
let genH = gensymf('H')

genG() // 'G1'
genH() // 'H1'
genG() // 'G2'
genH() // 'H2'

gensymff(unary, seed) ⇒ `function`

Write a function gensymff that
takes a unary function and a
seed and returns a gensymf

Param	Type
unary	`function`
seed	`number`

Example

let gensymf = gensymff(inc, 0)
let genG = gensymf('G')
let genH = gensymf('H')

genG() // 'G1'
genH() // 'H1'
genG() // 'G2'
genH() // 'H2'

fibonaccif(first, second) ⇒ `function`

Write a function fibonaccif that
returns a generator that will
return the next fibonacci number

Param	Type
first	`number`
second	`number`

Example

let fib = fibonaccif(0, 1)
fib() // 0
fib() // 1
fib() // 1
fib() // 2
fib() // 3
fib() // 5
fib() // 8

counter(i) ⇒ `object`

Write a function counter that
returns an object containing
two functions that implement
an up/down counter, hiding
the counter

Param	Type
i	`number`

Example

let obj = counter(10)
let { up, down } = obj

up() // 11
down() // 10
down() // 9
up() // 10

revocableb(binary) ⇒ `object`

Write a function revocableb
that takes a binary function, and
returns an object containing an
invoke function that can invoke a
function and a revoke function
that disables the invoke function

Param	Type
binary	`function`

Example

let rev = revocableb(addb)

rev.invoke(3, 4) // 7
rev.revoke()
rev.invoke(5, 7) // undefined

revocable(func) ⇒ `object`

Write a function revocable that
is generalized for any amount of
arguments

Param	Type
func	`function`

Example

let rev = revocable(add)

rev.invoke(3, 4) // 7
rev.revoke()
rev.invoke(5, 7) // undefined

extract(array, prop) ⇒ `array`

Write a function extract that
takes an array of objects and an
object property name and converts
each object in the array by
extracting that property

Param	Type
array	`array`
prop	`string`

Example

let people = [{ name: 'john' }, { name: 'bob' }]
let names = extract(people, 'name') // ['john', 'bob']

m(value, source) ⇒ `object`

Write a function m that
takes a value and an
optional source string
and returns them in an
object

Param	Type
value	`any`
source	`any`

Example

JSON.stringify(m(1)) // '{"value":1,"source":"1"}'

JSON.stringify(m(Math.PI, 'pi')) // '{"value":3.14159...,"source":"pi"}'

addmTwo(m1, m2) ⇒ `object`

Write a function addmTwo that
adds two m objects and
returns an m object

Param	Type
m1	`function`
m2	`function`

Example

JSON.stringify(addmTwo(m(3), m(4))) // '{"value":7,"source":"(3+4)"}'

JSON.stringify(addmTwo(m(1), m(Math.PI, 'pi'))) // '{"value":4.14159...,"source":"(1+pi)"}'

addm(...ms) ⇒ `object`

Write a function addm that
is generalized for any amount of
arguments

Param	Type
...ms	`function`

Example

JSON.stringify(addm(m(1), m(2), m(4))) // '{"value":7,"source":"(1+2+4)"}'

liftmbM(binary, op) ⇒ `object`

Write a function liftmbM that
takes a binary function and
a string and returns a function
that acts on m objects

Param	Type
binary	`function`
op	`string`

Example

let addmb = liftmbM(addb, '+')

JSON.stringify(addmb(m(3), m(4))) // '{"value":7,"source":"(3+4)"}'

JSON.stringify(liftmbM(mul, '*')(m(3), m(4))) // '{"value":12,"source":"(3*4)"}'

liftmb(binary, op) ⇒ `object`

Write a function liftmb that
is a modified function liftmbM
that can accept arguments that
are either numbers or m objects

Param	Type
binary	`function`
op	`string`

Example

let addmb = liftmb(addb, '+')

JSON.stringify(addmb(3, 4)) // '{"value":7,"source":"(3+4)"}'

liftm(func, op) ⇒ `object`

Write a function liftm that
is generalized for any amount of
arguments

Param	Type
func	`function`
op	`string`

Example

let addm = liftm(add, '+')

JSON.stringify(addm(m(3), m(4))) // '{"value":7,"source":"(3+4)"}'

JSON.stringify(liftm(mul, '*')(m(3), m(4))) // '{"value":12,"source":"(3*4)"}'

exp(value) ⇒ `any`

Write a function exp that
evaluates simple array
expressions

Param	Type
value	`any`

Example

let sae = [mul, 1, 2, 4]
exp(sae) // 1 * 2 * 4 = 8
exp(42) // 42

expn(value) ⇒ `any`

Write a function expn
that is a modified exp that
can evaluate nested array
expressions

Param	Type
value	`any`

Example

let nae = [Math.sqrt, [add, [square, 3], [square, 4]]]

expn(nae) // sqrt(((3*3)+(4*4))) === 5

addg(value) ⇒ `number` | `undefined`

Write a function addg that
adds from many invocations,
until it sees an empty
invocation

Param	Type
value	`number`

Example

addg() // undefined
addg(2)() // 2
addg(2)(7)() // 9
addg(3)(0)(4)() // 7
addg(1)(2)(4)(8)() // 15

liftg(binary) ⇒ `function`

Write a function liftg that
will take a binary function
and apply it to many invocations

Param	Type
binary	`function`

Example

liftg(mulb)() // undefined
liftg(mulb)(3)() // 3
liftg(mulb)(3)(0)(4)() // 0
liftg(mulb)(1)(2)(4)(8)() // 64

arrayg(value) ⇒ `array`

Write a function arrayg that
will build an array from many
invocations

Param	Type
value	`any`

Example

arrayg() // []
arrayg(3)() // [3]
arrayg(3)(4)(5)() // [3, 4, 5]

continuizeu(unary) ⇒ `function`

Write a function continuizeu
that takes a unary function
and returns a function that
takes a callback and an
argument

Param	Type
unary	`function`

Example

sqrtc = continuizeu(Math.sqrt)
sqrtc(console.log, 81) // logs '9'

continuize(any) ⇒ `function`

Write a function continuize
that takes a function and
returns a function that
takes a callback and an
argument

Param	Type
any	`function`

Example

mullc = continuize(Math.mul)
mulc(console.log, 81, 4, 2) // logs '648'

vector()

Make an array wrapper object
with methods get, store,
and append, such that an
attacker cannot get access
to the private array

Example

let v = vector()
v.append(7)
v.store(1, 8)
v.get(0) // 7
v.get(1) // 8

exploitVector()

Let's assume your vector
implementation looks like
something like this:

vector = () => {
  let array = [];
  return {
    append: (v) => array.push(v),
    get: (i) => array[i],
    store: (i, v) => array[i] = v
  };
}

Can you spot any security concerns with
this approach? Mainly, can we get access
to the array outside of vector?
Note*: the issue has nothing to do with
prototypes and we can assume that global
prototypes cannot be altered.
Hint*: Think about using this in a
method invocation. Can we override a
method of vector?

Example

let v = vector()
v.append(1)
v.append(2)
let internalData = exploitVector(v) // [1, 2]

vectorSafe()

How would you rewrite vector to deal
with the issue from above?

Example

let v = vectorSafe()
v.append(1)
v.append(2)
let internalData = exploitVector(v) // undefined

pubsub()

Make a function pubsub that
makes a publish/subscribe object.
It will reliably deliver all
publications to all subscribers
in the right order.

Example

let ps = pubsub()
ps.subscribe(log)
ps.publish('It works!') // log('It works!')

mapRecurse(array, predicate) ⇒ `array`

Make a function mapRecurse that
performs a transformation for each
element of a given array, recursively

Param	Type
array	`array`
predicate	`function`

Example

mapRecurse([1, 2, 3, 4], (x) => x * 2) // [ 2, 4, 6, 8 ]

filterRecurse(array, predicate) ⇒ `array`

Make a function filterRecurse that
takes in an array and a predicate
function and returns a new array by
filtering out all items using the
predicate, recursively.

Param	Type
array	`array`
predicate	`function`

Example

filterRecurse([1, 2, 3, 4], (x) => x % 2 === 0) // [ 2, 4 ]

asyncPool

AmnaAbd — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 14:00:38 +0000

Goal

Run multiple promise-returning & async functions with limited concurrency using native ES6/ES7

Why?

Existing solutions also re-implement Promise 😩...

The goal of this library is to use native async functions (if ES7 is available) and/or native Promise (ES6) including Promise.race() and Promise.all() to implement the concurrency behavior (look our source code).

What?

asyncPool runs multiple promise-returning & async functions in a limited concurrency pool. It rejects immediately as soon as one of the promises rejects. It resolves when all the promises completes. It calls the iterator function as soon as possible (under concurrency limit). For example:

const timeout = i => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve(i), i));
await asyncPool(2, [1000, 5000, 3000, 2000], timeout);
// Call iterator (i = 1000)
// Call iterator (i = 5000)
// Pool limit of 2 reached, wait for the quicker one to complete...
// 1000 finishes
// Call iterator (i = 3000)
// Pool limit of 2 reached, wait for the quicker one to complete...
// 3000 finishes
// Call iterator (i = 2000)
// Itaration is complete, wait until running ones complete...
// 5000 finishes
// 2000 finishes
// Resolves, results are passed in given array order `[1000, 5000, 3000, 2000]`.

Usage

$ npm install tiny-async-pool

import asyncPool from "tiny-async-pool";

ES7 async

const timeout = i => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve(i), i));
const results = await asyncPool(2, [1000, 5000, 3000, 2000], timeout);

Note: Something really nice will be possible soon https://github.com/tc39/proposal-async-iteration

ES6 Promise

const timeout = i => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve(i), i));
return asyncPool(2, [1000, 5000, 3000, 2000], timeout).then(results => {
  ...
});

API

`asyncPool(poolLimit, array, iteratorFn)`

Runs multiple promise-returning & async functions in a limited concurrency pool. It rejects immediately as soon as one of the promises rejects. It resolves when all the promises completes. It calls the iterator function as soon as possible (under concurrency limit).

poolLimit

The pool limit number (>= 1).

array

Input array.

iteratorFn

Iterator function that takes two arguments (array item and the array itself). The iterator function should either return a promise or be an async function.

Soon on My Git

Connect with me:

Markdown emogi Markup

AmnaAbd — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 13:55:35 +0000

People
| :bowtie: :bowtie: | 😄 :smile: | 😆 :laughing: |
|---|---|---|
| 😊 :blush: | 😃 :smiley: | ☺️ :relaxed: |
| 😏 :smirk: | 😍 :heart_eyes: | 😘 :kissing_heart: |
| 😚 :kissing_closed_eyes: | 😳 :flushed: | 😌 :relieved: |
| 😆 :satisfied: | 😁 :grin: | 😉 :wink: |
| 😜 :stuck_out_tongue_winking_eye: | 😝 :stuck_out_tongue_closed_eyes: | 😀 :grinning: |
| 😗 :kissing: | 😙 :kissing_smiling_eyes: | 😛 :stuck_out_tongue: |
| 😴 :sleeping: | 😟 :worried: | 😦 :frowning: |
| 😧 :anguished: | 😮 :open_mouth: | 😬 :grimacing: |
| 😕 :confused: | 😯 :hushed: | 😑 :expressionless: |
| 😒 :unamused: | 😅 :sweat_smile: | 😓 :sweat: |
| 😥 :disappointed_relieved: | 😩 :weary: | 😔 :pensive: |
| 😞 :disappointed: | 😖 :confounded: | 😨 :fearful: |
| 😰 :cold_sweat: | 😣 :persevere: | 😢 :cry: |
| 😭 :sob: | 😂 :joy: | 😲 :astonished: |
| 😱 :scream: | :neckbeard: :neckbeard: | 😫 :tired_face: |
| 😠 :angry: | 😡 :rage: | 😤 :triumph: |
| 😪 :sleepy: | 😋 :yum: | 😷 :mask: |
| 😎 :sunglasses: | 😵 :dizzy_face: | 👿 :imp: |
| 😈 :smiling_imp: | 😐 :neutral_face: | 😶 :no_mouth: |
| 😇 :innocent: | 👽 :alien: | 💛 :yellow_heart: |
| 💙 :blue_heart: | 💜 :purple_heart: | ❤️ :heart: |
| 💚 :green_heart: | 💔 :broken_heart: | 💓 :heartbeat: |
| 💗 :heartpulse: | 💕 :two_hearts: | 💞 :revolving_hearts: |
| 💘 :cupid: | 💖 :sparkling_heart: | ✨ :sparkles: |
| ⭐ :star: | 🌟 :star2: | 💫 :dizzy: |
| 💥 :boom: | 💥 :collision: | 💢 :anger: |
| ❗ :exclamation: | ❓ :question: | ❕ :grey_exclamation: |
| ❔ :grey_question: | 💤 :zzz: | 💨 :dash: |
| 💦 :sweat_drops: | 🎶 :notes: | 🎵 :musical_note: |
| 🔥 :fire: | 💩 :hankey: | 💩 :poop: |
| 💩 :shit: | 👍 :+1: | 👍 :thumbsup: |
| 👎 :-1: | 👎 :thumbsdown: | 👌 :ok_hand: |
| 👊 :punch: | 👊 :facepunch: | ✊ :fist: |
| ✌️ :v: | 👋 :wave: | ✋ :hand: |
| ✋ :raised_hand: | 👐 :open_hands: | ☝️ :point_up: |
| 👇 :point_down: | 👈 :point_left: | 👉 :point_right: |
| 🙌 :raised_hands: | 🙏 :pray: | 👆 :point_up_2: |
| 👏 :clap: | 💪 :muscle: | 🤘 :metal: |
| 🖕 :fu: | 🚶 :walking: | 🏃 :runner: |
| 🏃 :running: | 👫 :couple: | 👪 :family: |
| 👬 :two_men_holding_hands: | 👭 :two_women_holding_hands: | 💃 :dancer: |
| 👯 :dancers: | 🙆‍♀️ :ok_woman: | 🙅 :no_good: |
| 💁 :information_desk_person: | 🙋 :raising_hand: | 👰‍♀️ :bride_with_veil: |
| :person_with_pouting_face: :person_with_pouting_face: | :person_frowning: :person_frowning: | 🙇 :bow: |
| 💏 :couplekiss: | 💑 :couple_with_heart: | 💆 :massage: |
| 💇 :haircut: | 💅 :nail_care: | 👦 :boy: |
| 👧 :girl: | 👩 :woman: | 👨 :man: |
| 👶 :baby: | 👵 :older_woman: | 👴 :older_man: |
| :person_with_blond_hair: :person_with_blond_hair: | 👲 :man_with_gua_pi_mao: | 👳‍♂️ :man_with_turban: |
| 👷 :construction_worker: | 👮 :cop: | 👼 :angel: |
| 👸 :princess: | 😺 :smiley_cat: | 😸 :smile_cat: |
| 😻 :heart_eyes_cat: | 😽 :kissing_cat: | 😼 :smirk_cat: |
| 🙀 :scream_cat: | 😿 :crying_cat_face: | 😹 :joy_cat: |
| 😾 :pouting_cat: | 👹 :japanese_ogre: | 👺 :japanese_goblin: |
| 🙈 :see_no_evil: | 🙉 :hear_no_evil: | 🙊 :speak_no_evil: |
| 💂‍♂️ :guardsman: | 💀 :skull: | 🐾 :feet: |
| 👄 :lips: | 💋 :kiss: | 💧 :droplet: |
| 👂 :ear: | 👀 :eyes: | 👃 :nose: |
| 👅 :tongue: | 💌 :love_letter: | 👤 :bust_in_silhouette: |
| 👥 :busts_in_silhouette: | 💬 :speech_balloon: | 💭 :thought_balloon: |
| :feelsgood: :feelsgood: | :finnadie: :finnadie: | :goberserk: :goberserk: |
| :godmode: :godmode: | :hurtrealbad: :hurtrealbad: | :rage1: :rage1: |
| :rage2: :rage2: | :rage3: :rage3: | :rage4: :rage4: |
| :suspect: :suspect: | :trollface: :trollface: |

Nature

☀️ `:sunny:`	☔ `:umbrella:`	☁️ `:cloud:`
❄️ `:snowflake:`	⛄ `:snowman:`	⚡ `:zap:`
🌀 `:cyclone:`	🌁 `:foggy:`	🌊 `:ocean:`
🐱 `:cat:`	🐶 `:dog:`	🐭 `:mouse:`
🐹 `:hamster:`	🐰 `:rabbit:`	🐺 `:wolf:`
🐸 `:frog:`	🐯 `:tiger:`	🐨 `:koala:`
🐻 `:bear:`	🐷 `:pig:`	🐽 `:pig_nose:`
🐮 `:cow:`	🐗 `:boar:`	🐵 `:monkey_face:`
🐒 `:monkey:`	🐴 `:horse:`	🐎 `:racehorse:`
🐫 `:camel:`	🐑 `:sheep:`	🐘 `:elephant:`
🐼 `:panda_face:`	🐍 `:snake:`	🐦 `:bird:`
🐤 `:baby_chick:`	🐥 `:hatched_chick:`	🐣 `:hatching_chick:`
🐔 `:chicken:`	🐧 `:penguin:`	🐢 `:turtle:`
🐛 `:bug:`	🐝 `:honeybee:`	🐜 `:ant:`
🪲 `:beetle:`	🐌 `:snail:`	🐙 `:octopus:`
🐠 `:tropical_fish:`	🐟 `:fish:`	🐳 `:whale:`
🐋 `:whale2:`	🐬 `:dolphin:`	🐄 `:cow2:`
🐏 `:ram:`	🐀 `:rat:`	🐃 `:water_buffalo:`
🐅 `:tiger2:`	🐇 `:rabbit2:`	🐉 `:dragon:`
🐐 `:goat:`	🐓 `:rooster:`	🐕 `:dog2:`
🐖 `:pig2:`	🐁 `:mouse2:`	🐂 `:ox:`
🐲 `:dragon_face:`	🐡 `:blowfish:`	🐊 `:crocodile:`
🐪 `:dromedary_camel:`	🐆 `:leopard:`	🐈 `:cat2:`
🐩 `:poodle:`	🐾 `:paw_prints:`	💐 `:bouquet:`
🌸 `:cherry_blossom:`	🌷 `:tulip:`	🍀 `:four_leaf_clover:`
🌹 `:rose:`	🌻 `:sunflower:`	🌺 `:hibiscus:`
🍁 `:maple_leaf:`	🍃 `:leaves:`	🍂 `:fallen_leaf:`
🌿 `:herb:`	🍄 `:mushroom:`	🌵 `:cactus:`
🌴 `:palm_tree:`	🌲 `:evergreen_tree:`	🌳 `:deciduous_tree:`
🌰 `:chestnut:`	🌱 `:seedling:`	🌼 `:blossom:`
🌾 `:ear_of_rice:`	🐚 `:shell:`	🌐 `:globe_with_meridians:`
🌞 `:sun_with_face:`	🌝 `:full_moon_with_face:`	🌚 `:new_moon_with_face:`
🌑 `:new_moon:`	🌒 `:waxing_crescent_moon:`	🌓 `:first_quarter_moon:`
🌔 `:waxing_gibbous_moon:`	🌕 `:full_moon:`	🌖 `:waning_gibbous_moon:`
🌗 `:last_quarter_moon:`	🌘 `:waning_crescent_moon:`	🌜 `:last_quarter_moon_with_face:`
🌛 `:first_quarter_moon_with_face:`	🌔 `:moon:`	🌍 `:earth_africa:`
🌎 `:earth_americas:`	🌏 `:earth_asia:`	🌋 `:volcano:`
🌌 `:milky_way:`	⛅ `:partly_sunny:`	:octocat: `:octocat:`
:squirrel: `:squirrel:`

Objects

🎍 `:bamboo:`	💝 `:gift_heart:`	🎎 `:dolls:`
🎒 `:school_satchel:`	🎓 `:mortar_board:`	🎏 `:flags:`
🎆 `:fireworks:`	🎇 `:sparkler:`	🎐 `:wind_chime:`
🎑 `:rice_scene:`	🎃 `:jack_o_lantern:`	👻 `:ghost:`
🎅 `:santa:`	🎄 `:christmas_tree:`	🎁 `:gift:`
🔔 `:bell:`	🔕 `:no_bell:`	🎋 `:tanabata_tree:`
🎉 `:tada:`	🎊 `:confetti_ball:`	🎈 `:balloon:`
🔮 `:crystal_ball:`	💿 `:cd:`	📀 `:dvd:`
💾 `:floppy_disk:`	📷 `:camera:`	📹 `:video_camera:`
🎥 `:movie_camera:`	💻 `:computer:`	📺 `:tv:`
📱 `:iphone:`	☎️ `:phone:`	☎️ `:telephone:`
📞 `:telephone_receiver:`	📟 `:pager:`	📠 `:fax:`
💽 `:minidisc:`	📼 `:vhs:`	🔉 `:sound:`
🔈 `:speaker:`	🔇 `:mute:`	📢 `:loudspeaker:`
📣 `:mega:`	⌛ `:hourglass:`	⏳ `:hourglass_flowing_sand:`
⏰ `:alarm_clock:`	⌚ `:watch:`	📻 `:radio:`
📡 `:satellite:`	➿ `:loop:`	🔍 `:mag:`
🔎 `:mag_right:`	🔓 `:unlock:`	🔒 `:lock:`
🔏 `:lock_with_ink_pen:`	🔐 `:closed_lock_with_key:`	🔑 `:key:`
💡 `:bulb:`	🔦 `:flashlight:`	🔆 `:high_brightness:`
🔅 `:low_brightness:`	🔌 `:electric_plug:`	🔋 `:battery:`
📲 `:calling:`	📧 `:email:`	📫 `:mailbox:`
📮 `:postbox:`	🛀 `:bath:`	🛁 `:bathtub:`
🚿 `:shower:`	🚽 `:toilet:`	🔧 `:wrench:`
🔩 `:nut_and_bolt:`	🔨 `:hammer:`	💺 `:seat:`
💰 `:moneybag:`	💴 `:yen:`	💵 `:dollar:`
💷 `:pound:`	💶 `:euro:`	💳 `:credit_card:`
💸 `:money_with_wings:`	📧 `:e-mail:`	📥 `:inbox_tray:`
📤 `:outbox_tray:`	✉️ `:envelope:`	📨 `:incoming_envelope:`
📯 `:postal_horn:`	📪 `:mailbox_closed:`	📬 `:mailbox_with_mail:`
📭 `:mailbox_with_no_mail:`	🚪 `:door:`	🚬 `:smoking:`
💣 `:bomb:`	🔫 `:gun:`	🔪 `:hocho:`
💊 `:pill:`	💉 `:syringe:`	📄 `:page_facing_up:`
📃 `:page_with_curl:`	📑 `:bookmark_tabs:`	📊 `:bar_chart:`
📈 `:chart_with_upwards_trend:`	📉 `:chart_with_downwards_trend:`	📜 `:scroll:`
📋 `:clipboard:`	📆 `:calendar:`	📅 `:date:`
📇 `:card_index:`	📁 `:file_folder:`	📂 `:open_file_folder:`
✂️ `:scissors:`	📌 `:pushpin:`	📎 `:paperclip:`
✒️ `:black_nib:`	✏️ `:pencil2:`	📏 `:straight_ruler:`
📐 `:triangular_ruler:`	📕 `:closed_book:`	📗 `:green_book:`
📘 `:blue_book:`	📙 `:orange_book:`	📓 `:notebook:`
📔 `:notebook_with_decorative_cover:`	📒 `:ledger:`	📚 `:books:`
🔖 `:bookmark:`	📛 `:name_badge:`	🔬 `:microscope:`
🔭 `:telescope:`	📰 `:newspaper:`	🏈 `:football:`
🏀 `:basketball:`	⚽ `:soccer:`	⚾ `:baseball:`
🎾 `:tennis:`	🎱 `:8ball:`	🏉 `:rugby_football:`
🎳 `:bowling:`	⛳ `:golf:`	🚵 `:mountain_bicyclist:`
🚴 `:bicyclist:`	🏇 `:horse_racing:`	🏂 `:snowboarder:`
🏊 `:swimmer:`	🏄 `:surfer:`	🎿 `:ski:`
♠️ `:spades:`	♥️ `:hearts:`	♣️ `:clubs:`
♦️ `:diamonds:`	💎 `:gem:`	💍 `:ring:`
🏆 `:trophy:`	🎼 `:musical_score:`	🎹 `:musical_keyboard:`
🎻 `:violin:`	👾 `:space_invader:`	🎮 `:video_game:`
🃏 `:black_joker:`	🎴 `:flower_playing_cards:`	🎲 `:game_die:`
🎯 `:dart:`	🀄 `:mahjong:`	🎬 `:clapper:`
📝 `:memo:`	📝 `:pencil:`	📖 `:book:`
🎨 `:art:`	🎤 `:microphone:`	🎧 `:headphones:`
🎺 `:trumpet:`	🎷 `:saxophone:`	🎸 `:guitar:`
👞 `:shoe:`	👡 `:sandal:`	👠 `:high_heel:`
💄 `:lipstick:`	👢 `:boot:`	👕 `:shirt:`
👕 `:tshirt:`	👔 `:necktie:`	👚 `:womans_clothes:`
👗 `:dress:`	🎽 `:running_shirt_with_sash:`	👖 `:jeans:`
👘 `:kimono:`	👙 `:bikini:`	🎀 `:ribbon:`
🎩 `:tophat:`	👑 `:crown:`	👒 `:womans_hat:`
👞 `:mans_shoe:`	🌂 `:closed_umbrella:`	💼 `:briefcase:`
👜 `:handbag:`	👝 `:pouch:`	👛 `:purse:`
👓 `:eyeglasses:`	🎣 `:fishing_pole_and_fish:`	☕ `:coffee:`
🍵 `:tea:`	🍶 `:sake:`	🍼 `:baby_bottle:`
🍺 `:beer:`	🍻 `:beers:`	🍸 `:cocktail:`
🍹 `:tropical_drink:`	🍷 `:wine_glass:`	🍴 `:fork_and_knife:`
🍕 `:pizza:`	🍔 `:hamburger:`	🍟 `:fries:`
🍗 `:poultry_leg:`	🍖 `:meat_on_bone:`	🍝 `:spaghetti:`
🍛 `:curry:`	🍤 `:fried_shrimp:`	🍱 `:bento:`
🍣 `:sushi:`	🍥 `:fish_cake:`	🍙 `:rice_ball:`
🍘 `:rice_cracker:`	🍚 `:rice:`	🍜 `:ramen:`
🍲 `:stew:`	🍢 `:oden:`	🍡 `:dango:`
🥚 `:egg:`	🍞 `:bread:`	🍩 `:doughnut:`
🍮 `:custard:`	🍦 `:icecream:`	🍨 `:ice_cream:`
🍧 `:shaved_ice:`	🎂 `:birthday:`	🍰 `:cake:`
🍪 `:cookie:`	🍫 `:chocolate_bar:`	🍬 `:candy:`
🍭 `:lollipop:`	🍯 `:honey_pot:`	🍎 `:apple:`
🍏 `:green_apple:`	🍊 `:tangerine:`	🍋 `:lemon:`
🍒 `:cherries:`	🍇 `:grapes:`	🍉 `:watermelon:`
🍓 `:strawberry:`	🍑 `:peach:`	🍈 `:melon:`
🍌 `:banana:`	🍐 `:pear:`	🍍 `:pineapple:`
🍠 `:sweet_potato:`	🍆 `:eggplant:`	🍅 `:tomato:`
🌽 `:corn:`

Places

🏠 `:house:`	🏡 `:house_with_garden:`	🏫 `:school:`
🏢 `:office:`	🏣 `:post_office:`	🏥 `:hospital:`
🏦 `:bank:`	🏪 `:convenience_store:`	🏩 `:love_hotel:`
🏨 `:hotel:`	💒 `:wedding:`	⛪ `:church:`
🏬 `:department_store:`	🏤 `:european_post_office:`	🌇 `:city_sunrise:`
🌆 `:city_sunset:`	🏯 `:japanese_castle:`	🏰 `:european_castle:`
⛺ `:tent:`	🏭 `:factory:`	🗼 `:tokyo_tower:`
🗾 `:japan:`	🗻 `:mount_fuji:`	🌄 `:sunrise_over_mountains:`
🌅 `:sunrise:`	🌠 `:stars:`	🗽 `:statue_of_liberty:`
🌉 `:bridge_at_night:`	🎠 `:carousel_horse:`	🌈 `:rainbow:`
🎡 `:ferris_wheel:`	⛲ `:fountain:`	🎢 `:roller_coaster:`
🚢 `:ship:`	🚤 `:speedboat:`	⛵ `:boat:`
⛵ `:sailboat:`	🚣 `:rowboat:`	⚓ `:anchor:`
🚀 `:rocket:`	✈️ `:airplane:`	🚁 `:helicopter:`
🚂 `:steam_locomotive:`	🚊 `:tram:`	🚞 `:mountain_railway:`
🚲 `:bike:`	🚡 `:aerial_tramway:`	🚟 `:suspension_railway:`
🚠 `:mountain_cableway:`	🚜 `:tractor:`	🚙 `:blue_car:`
🚘 `:oncoming_automobile:`	🚗 `:car:`	🚗 `:red_car:`
🚕 `:taxi:`	🚖 `:oncoming_taxi:`	🚛 `:articulated_lorry:`
🚌 `:bus:`	🚍 `:oncoming_bus:`	🚨 `:rotating_light:`
🚓 `:police_car:`	🚔 `:oncoming_police_car:`	🚒 `:fire_engine:`
🚑 `:ambulance:`	🚐 `:minibus:`	🚚 `:truck:`
🚋 `:train:`	🚉 `:station:`	🚆 `:train2:`
🚅 `:bullettrain_front:`	🚄 `:bullettrain_side:`	🚈 `:light_rail:`
🚝 `:monorail:`	🚃 `:railway_car:`	🚎 `:trolleybus:`
🎫 `:ticket:`	⛽ `:fuelpump:`	🚦 `:vertical_traffic_light:`
🚥 `:traffic_light:`	⚠️ `:warning:`	🚧 `:construction:`
🔰 `:beginner:`	🏧 `:atm:`	🎰 `:slot_machine:`
🚏 `:busstop:`	💈 `:barber:`	♨️ `:hotsprings:`
🏁 `:checkered_flag:`	🎌 `:crossed_flags:`	🏮 `:izakaya_lantern:`
🗿 `:moyai:`	🎪 `:circus_tent:`	🎭 `:performing_arts:`
📍 `:round_pushpin:`	🚩 `:triangular_flag_on_post:`	🇯🇵 `:jp:`
🇰🇷 `:kr:`	🇨🇳 `:cn:`	🇺🇸 `:us:`
🇫🇷 `:fr:`	🇪🇸 `:es:`	🇮🇹 `:it:`
🇷🇺 `:ru:`	🇬🇧 `:gb:`	🇬🇧 `:uk:`
🇩🇪 `:de:`

Symbols

1️⃣ `:one:`	2️⃣ `:two:`	3️⃣ `:three:`
4️⃣ `:four:`	5️⃣ `:five:`	6️⃣ `:six:`
7️⃣ `:seven:`	8️⃣ `:eight:`	9️⃣ `:nine:`
🔟 `:keycap_ten:`	🔢 `:1234:`	0️⃣ `:zero:`
#️⃣ `:hash:`	🔣 `:symbols:`	◀️ `:arrow_backward:`
⬇️ `:arrow_down:`	▶️ `:arrow_forward:`	⬅️ `:arrow_left:`
🔠 `:capital_abcd:`	🔡 `:abcd:`	🔤 `:abc:`
↙️ `:arrow_lower_left:`	↘️ `:arrow_lower_right:`	➡️ `:arrow_right:`
⬆️ `:arrow_up:`	↖️ `:arrow_upper_left:`	↗️ `:arrow_upper_right:`
⏬ `:arrow_double_down:`	⏫ `:arrow_double_up:`	🔽 `:arrow_down_small:`
⤵️ `:arrow_heading_down:`	⤴️ `:arrow_heading_up:`	↩️ `:leftwards_arrow_with_hook:`
↪️ `:arrow_right_hook:`	↔️ `:left_right_arrow:`	↕️ `:arrow_up_down:`
🔼 `:arrow_up_small:`	🔃 `:arrows_clockwise:`	🔄 `:arrows_counterclockwise:`
⏪ `:rewind:`	⏩ `:fast_forward:`	ℹ️ `:information_source:`
🆗 `:ok:`	🔀 `:twisted_rightwards_arrows:`	🔁 `:repeat:`
🔂 `:repeat_one:`	🆕 `:new:`	🔝 `:top:`
🆙 `:up:`	🆒 `:cool:`	🆓 `:free:`
🆖 `:ng:`	🎦 `:cinema:`	🈁 `:koko:`
📶 `:signal_strength:`	🈹 `:u5272:`	🈴 `:u5408:`
🈺 `:u55b6:`	🈯 `:u6307:`	🈷️ `:u6708:`
🈶 `:u6709:`	🈵 `:u6e80:`	🈚 `:u7121:`
🈸 `:u7533:`	🈳 `:u7a7a:`	🈲 `:u7981:`
🈂️ `:sa:`	🚻 `:restroom:`	🚹 `:mens:`
🚺 `:womens:`	🚼 `:baby_symbol:`	🚭 `:no_smoking:`
🅿️ `:parking:`	♿ `:wheelchair:`	🚇 `:metro:`
🛄 `:baggage_claim:`	🉑 `:accept:`	🚾 `:wc:`
🚰 `:potable_water:`	🚮 `:put_litter_in_its_place:`	㊙️ `:secret:`
㊗️ `:congratulations:`	Ⓜ️ `:m:`	🛂 `:passport_control:`
🛅 `:left_luggage:`	🛃 `:customs:`	🉐 `:ideograph_advantage:`
🆑 `:cl:`	🆘 `:sos:`	🆔 `:id:`
🚫 `:no_entry_sign:`	🔞 `:underage:`	📵 `:no_mobile_phones:`
🚯 `:do_not_litter:`	🚱 `:non-potable_water:`	🚳 `:no_bicycles:`
🚷 `:no_pedestrians:`	🚸 `:children_crossing:`	⛔ `:no_entry:`
✳️ `:eight_spoked_asterisk:`	✴️ `:eight_pointed_black_star:`	💟 `:heart_decoration:`
🆚 `:vs:`	📳 `:vibration_mode:`	📴 `:mobile_phone_off:`
💹 `:chart:`	💱 `:currency_exchange:`	♈ `:aries:`
♉ `:taurus:`	♊ `:gemini:`	♋ `:cancer:`
♌ `:leo:`	♍ `:virgo:`	♎ `:libra:`
♏ `:scorpius:`	♐ `:sagittarius:`	♑ `:capricorn:`
♒ `:aquarius:`	♓ `:pisces:`	⛎ `:ophiuchus:`
🔯 `:six_pointed_star:`	❎ `:negative_squared_cross_mark:`	🅰️ `:a:`
🅱️ `:b:`	🆎 `:ab:`	🅾️ `:o2:`
💠 `:diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:`	♻️ `:recycle:`	🔚 `:end:`
🔛 `:on:`	🔜 `:soon:`	🕐 `:clock1:`
🕜 `:clock130:`	🕙 `:clock10:`	🕥 `:clock1030:`
🕚 `:clock11:`	🕦 `:clock1130:`	🕛 `:clock12:`
🕧 `:clock1230:`	🕑 `:clock2:`	🕝 `:clock230:`
🕒 `:clock3:`	🕞 `:clock330:`	🕓 `:clock4:`
🕟 `:clock430:`	🕔 `:clock5:`	🕠 `:clock530:`
🕕 `:clock6:`	🕡 `:clock630:`	🕖 `:clock7:`
🕢 `:clock730:`	🕗 `:clock8:`	🕣 `:clock830:`
🕘 `:clock9:`	🕤 `:clock930:`	💲 `:heavy_dollar_sign:`
©️ `:copyright:`	®️ `:registered:`	™️ `:tm:`
❌ `:x:`	❗ `:heavy_exclamation_mark:`	‼️ `:bangbang:`
⁉️ `:interrobang:`	⭕ `:o:`	✖️ `:heavy_multiplication_x:`
➕ `:heavy_plus_sign:`	➖ `:heavy_minus_sign:`	➗ `:heavy_division_sign:`
💮 `:white_flower:`	💯 `:100:`	✔️ `:heavy_check_mark:`
☑️ `:ballot_box_with_check:`	🔘 `:radio_button:`	🔗 `:link:`
➰ `:curly_loop:`	〰️ `:wavy_dash:`	〽️ `:part_alternation_mark:`
🔱 `:trident:`	:black_square: `:black_square:`	:white_square: `:white_square:`
✅ `:white_check_mark:`	🔲 `:black_square_button:`	🔳 `:white_square_button:`
⚫ `:black_circle:`	⚪ `:white_circle:`	🔴 `:red_circle:`
🔵 `:large_blue_circle:`	🔷 `:large_blue_diamond:`	🔶 `:large_orange_diamond:`
🔹 `:small_blue_diamond:`	🔸 `:small_orange_diamond:`	🔺 `:small_red_triangle:`
🔻 `:small_red_triangle_down:`	:shipit: `:shipit:`

Connect with me:

Awesome Penetration Testing

AmnaAbd — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 13:37:53 +0000

Awesome Penetration Testing

A collection of awesome penetration testing and offensive cybersecurity resources.

Penetration testing is the practice of launching authorized, simulated attacks against computer systems and their physical infrastructure to expose potential security weaknesses and vulnerabilities.

Your contributions and suggestions are heartily♥ welcome. (✿◕‿◕). Please check the Contributing Guidelines for more details. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This project is supported by Netsparker Web Application Security Scanner

Android Utilities
Anonymity Tools
- Tor Tools
Anti-virus Evasion Tools
Books
- Malware Analysis Books
CTF Tools
Collaboration Tools
Conferences and Events
- Asia
- Europe
- North America
- South America
- Zealandia
Exfiltration Tools
Exploit Development Tools
File Format Analysis Tools
GNU/Linux Utilities
Hash Cracking Tools
Hex Editors
Industrial Control and SCADA Systems
Intentionally Vulnerable Systems
- Intentionally Vulnerable Systems as Docker Containers
Lock Picking
macOS Utilities
Multi-paradigm Frameworks
Network Tools
- DDoS Tools
- Network Reconnaissance Tools
- Protocol Analyzers and Sniffers
- Network Traffic Replay and Editing Tools
- Proxies and Machine-in-the-Middle (MITM) Tools
- Transport Layer Security Tools
- Wireless Network Tools
Network Vulnerability Scanners
- Web Vulnerability Scanners
Open Sources Intelligence (OSINT)
- Data broker and search engine services
- Dorking tools
- Email search and analysis tools
- Metadata harvesting and analysis
- Network device discovery tools
- OSINT Online Resources
- Source code repository searching tools
- Web application and resource analysis tools
Online Resources
- Online Code Samples and Examples
- Online Exploit Development Resources
- Online Lock Picking Resources
- Online Operating Systems Resources
- Online Penetration Testing Resources
- Other Lists Online
- Penetration Testing Report Templates
Operating System Distributions
Periodicals
Physical Access Tools
Privilege Escalation Tools
- Password Spraying Tools
Reverse Engineering
- Reverse Engineering Books
- Reverse Engineering Tools
Security Education Courses
Shellcoding Guides and Tutorials
Side-channel Tools
Social Engineering
- Social Engineering Books
- Social Engineering Online Resources
- Social Engineering Tools
Static Analyzers
Steganography Tools
Vulnerability Databases
Web Exploitation
- Intercepting Web proxies
- Web file inclusion tools
- Web injection tools
- Web path discovery and bruteforcing tools
- Web shells and C2 frameworks
- Web-accessible source code ripping tools
- Web Exploitation Books
Windows Utilities

Android Utilities

cSploit - Advanced IT security professional toolkit on Android featuring an integrated Metasploit daemon and MITM capabilities.
Fing - Network scanning and host enumeration app that performs NetBIOS, UPnP, Bonjour, SNMP, and various other advanced device fingerprinting techniques.

Anonymity Tools

I2P - The Invisible Internet Project.
Metadata Anonymization Toolkit (MAT) - Metadata removal tool, supporting a wide range of commonly used file formats, written in Python3.
What Every Browser Knows About You - Comprehensive detection page to test your own Web browser's configuration for privacy and identity leaks.

Tor Tools

Anti-virus Evasion Tools

AntiVirus Evasion Tool (AVET) - Post-process exploits containing executable files targeted for Windows machines to avoid being recognized by antivirus software.
CarbonCopy - Tool that creates a spoofed certificate of any online website and signs an Executable for AV evasion.
Hyperion - Runtime encryptor for 32-bit portable executables ("PE .exes").
Shellter - Dynamic shellcode injection tool, and the first truly dynamic PE infector ever created.
UniByAv - Simple obfuscator that takes raw shellcode and generates Anti-Virus friendly executables by using a brute-forcable, 32-bit XOR key.
Veil - Generate metasploit payloads that bypass common anti-virus solutions.
peCloakCapstone - Multi-platform fork of the peCloak.py automated malware antivirus evasion tool.

Books

Malware Analysis Books

See awesome-malware-analysis § Books.

CTF Tools

CTF Field Guide - Everything you need to win your next CTF competition.
Ciphey - Automated decryption tool using artificial intelligence and natural language processing.
RsaCtfTool - Decrypt data enciphered using weak RSA keys, and recover private keys from public keys using a variety of automated attacks.
ctf-tools - Collection of setup scripts to install various security research tools easily and quickly deployable to new machines.
shellpop - Easily generate sophisticated reverse or bind shell commands to help you save time during penetration tests.

Collaboration Tools

Dradis - Open-source reporting and collaboration tool for IT security professionals.
Lair - Reactive attack collaboration framework and web application built with meteor.
Pentest Collaboration Framework (PCF) - Open source, cross-platform, and portable toolkit for automating routine pentest processes with a team.
Reconmap - Open-source collaboration platform for InfoSec professionals that streamlines the pentest process.
RedELK - Track and alarm about Blue Team activities while providing better usability in long term offensive operations.

Conferences and Events

BSides - Framework for organising and holding security conferences.
CTFTime.org - Directory of upcoming and archive of past Capture The Flag (CTF) competitions with links to challenge writeups.

Asia

HITB - Deep-knowledge security conference held in Malaysia and The Netherlands.
HITCON - Hacks In Taiwan Conference held in Taiwan.
Nullcon - Annual conference in Delhi and Goa, India.
SECUINSIDE - Security Conference in Seoul.

Europe

44Con - Annual Security Conference held in London.
BalCCon - Balkan Computer Congress, annually held in Novi Sad, Serbia.
BruCON - Annual security conference in Belgium.
CCC - Annual meeting of the international hacker scene in Germany.
DeepSec - Security Conference in Vienna, Austria.
DefCamp - Largest Security Conference in Eastern Europe, held annually in Bucharest, Romania.
FSec - FSec - Croatian Information Security Gathering in Varaždin, Croatia.
Hack.lu - Annual conference held in Luxembourg.
Infosecurity Europe - Europe's number one information security event, held in London, UK.
SteelCon - Security conference in Sheffield UK.
Swiss Cyber Storm - Annual security conference in Lucerne, Switzerland.
Troopers - Annual international IT Security event with workshops held in Heidelberg, Germany.
HoneyCON - Annual Security Conference in Guadalajara, Spain. Organized by the HoneySEC association.

North America

AppSecUSA - Annual conference organized by OWASP.
Black Hat - Annual security conference in Las Vegas.
CarolinaCon - Infosec conference, held annually in North Carolina.
DEF CON - Annual hacker convention in Las Vegas.
DerbyCon - Annual hacker conference based in Louisville.
Hackers Next Door - Cybersecurity and social technology conference held in New York City.
Hackers On Planet Earth (HOPE) - Semi-annual conference held in New York City.
Hackfest - Largest hacking conference in Canada.
LayerOne - Annual US security conference held every spring in Los Angeles.
National Cyber Summit - Annual US security conference and Capture the Flag event, held in Huntsville, Alabama, USA.
PhreakNIC - Technology conference held annually in middle Tennessee.
RSA Conference USA - Annual security conference in San Francisco, California, USA.
ShmooCon - Annual US East coast hacker convention.
SkyDogCon - Technology conference in Nashville.
SummerCon - One of the oldest hacker conventions in America, held during Summer.
ThotCon - Annual US hacker conference held in Chicago.
Virus Bulletin Conference - Annual conference going to be held in Denver, USA for 2016.

South America

Ekoparty - Largest Security Conference in Latin America, held annually in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Hackers to Hackers Conference (H2HC) - Oldest security research (hacking) conference in Latin America and one of the oldest ones still active in the world.

Zealandia

CHCon - Christchurch Hacker Con, Only South Island of New Zealand hacker con.

Exfiltration Tools

DET - Proof of concept to perform data exfiltration using either single or multiple channel(s) at the same time.
Iodine - Tunnel IPv4 data through a DNS server; useful for exfiltration from networks where Internet access is firewalled, but DNS queries are allowed.
TrevorC2 - Client/server tool for masking command and control and data exfiltration through a normally browsable website, not typical HTTP POST requests.
dnscat2 - Tool designed to create an encrypted command and control channel over the DNS protocol, which is an effective tunnel out of almost every network.
pwnat - Punches holes in firewalls and NATs.
tgcd - Simple Unix network utility to extend the accessibility of TCP/IP based network services beyond firewalls.
QueenSono - Client/Server Binaries for data exfiltration with ICMP. Useful in a network where ICMP protocol is less monitored than others (which is a common case).

Exploit Development Tools

File Format Analysis Tools

ExifTool - Platform-independent Perl library plus a command-line application for reading, writing and editing meta information in a wide variety of files.
Hachoir - Python library to view and edit a binary stream as tree of fields and tools for metadata extraction.
Kaitai Struct - File formats and network protocols dissection language and web IDE, generating parsers in C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby.
peepdf - Python tool to explore PDF files in order to find out if the file can be harmful or not.
Veles - Binary data visualization and analysis tool.

GNU/Linux Utilities

Hwacha - Post-exploitation tool to quickly execute payloads via SSH on one or more Linux systems simultaneously.
Linux Exploit Suggester - Heuristic reporting on potentially viable exploits for a given GNU/Linux system.
Lynis - Auditing tool for UNIX-based systems.
checksec.sh - Shell script designed to test what standard Linux OS and PaX security features are being used.

Hash Cracking Tools

BruteForce Wallet - Find the password of an encrypted wallet file (i.e. wallet.dat).
CeWL - Generates custom wordlists by spidering a target's website and collecting unique words.
duplicut - Quickly remove duplicates, without changing the order, and without getting OOM on huge wordlists.
GoCrack - Management Web frontend for distributed password cracking sessions using hashcat (or other supported tools) written in Go.
Hashcat - The more fast hash cracker.
hate_crack - Tool for automating cracking methodologies through Hashcat.
JWT Cracker - Simple HS256 JSON Web Token (JWT) token brute force cracker.
John the Ripper - Fast password cracker.
Rar Crack - RAR bruteforce cracker.

Hex Editors

Bless - High quality, full featured, cross-platform graphical hex editor written in Gtk#.
Frhed - Binary file editor for Windows.
Hex Fiend - Fast, open source, hex editor for macOS with support for viewing binary diffs.
HexEdit.js - Browser-based hex editing.
Hexinator - World's finest (proprietary, commercial) Hex Editor.
hexedit - Simple, fast, console-based hex editor.
wxHexEditor - Free GUI hex editor for GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

Industrial Control and SCADA Systems

Industrial Exploitation Framework (ISF) - Metasploit-like exploit framework based on routersploit designed to target Industrial Control Systems (ICS), SCADA devices, PLC firmware, and more.
s7scan - Scanner for enumerating Siemens S7 PLCs on a TCP/IP or LLC network.

Intentionally Vulnerable Systems

Intentionally Vulnerable Systems as Docker Containers

Damn Vulnerable Web Application (DVWA) - docker pull citizenstig/dvwa.
OWASP Juice Shop - docker pull bkimminich/juice-shop.
OWASP Mutillidae II Web Pen-Test Practice Application - docker pull citizenstig/nowasp.
OWASP NodeGoat - docker-compose build && docker-compose up.
OWASP Security Shepherd - docker pull ismisepaul/securityshepherd.
OWASP WebGoat Project 7.1 docker image - docker pull webgoat/webgoat-7.1.
OWASP WebGoat Project 8.0 docker image - docker pull webgoat/webgoat-8.0.
Vulnerability as a service: Heartbleed - docker pull hmlio/vaas-cve-2014-0160.
Vulnerability as a service: SambaCry - docker pull vulnerables/cve-2017-7494.
Vulnerability as a service: Shellshock - docker pull hmlio/vaas-cve-2014-6271.
Vulnerable WordPress Installation - docker pull wpscanteam/vulnerablewordpress.

Lock Picking

See awesome-lockpicking.

macOS Utilities

Bella - Pure Python post-exploitation data mining and remote administration tool for macOS.
EvilOSX - Modular RAT that uses numerous evasion and exfiltration techniques out-of-the-box.

Multi-paradigm Frameworks

Armitage - Java-based GUI front-end for the Metasploit Framework.
AutoSploit - Automated mass exploiter, which collects target by employing the Shodan.io API and programmatically chooses Metasploit exploit modules based on the Shodan query.
Decker - Penetration testing orchestration and automation framework, which allows writing declarative, reusable configurations capable of ingesting variables and using outputs of tools it has run as inputs to others.
Faraday - Multiuser integrated pentesting environment for red teams performing cooperative penetration tests, security audits, and risk assessments.
Metasploit - Software for offensive security teams to help verify vulnerabilities and manage security assessments.
Pupy - Cross-platform (Windows, Linux, macOS, Android) remote administration and post-exploitation tool.

Network Tools

CrackMapExec - Swiss army knife for pentesting networks.
IKEForce - Command line IPSEC VPN brute forcing tool for Linux that allows group name/ID enumeration and XAUTH brute forcing capabilities.
Intercepter-NG - Multifunctional network toolkit.
Legion - Graphical semi-automated discovery and reconnaissance framework based on Python 3 and forked from SPARTA.
Network-Tools.com - Website offering an interface to numerous basic network utilities like ping, traceroute, whois, and more.
Ncrack - High-speed network authentication cracking tool built to help companies secure their networks by proactively testing all their hosts and networking devices for poor passwords.
Praeda - Automated multi-function printer data harvester for gathering usable data during security assessments.
Printer Exploitation Toolkit (PRET) - Tool for printer security testing capable of IP and USB connectivity, fuzzing, and exploitation of PostScript, PJL, and PCL printer language features.
SPARTA - Graphical interface offering scriptable, configurable access to existing network infrastructure scanning and enumeration tools.
SigPloit - Signaling security testing framework dedicated to telecom security for researching vulnerabilites in the signaling protocols used in mobile (cellular phone) operators.
Smart Install Exploitation Tool (SIET) - Scripts for identifying Cisco Smart Install-enabled switches on a network and then manipulating them.
THC Hydra - Online password cracking tool with built-in support for many network protocols, including HTTP, SMB, FTP, telnet, ICQ, MySQL, LDAP, IMAP, VNC, and more.
Tsunami - General purpose network security scanner with an extensible plugin system for detecting high severity vulnerabilities with high confidence.
Zarp - Network attack tool centered around the exploitation of local networks.
dnstwist - Domain name permutation engine for detecting typo squatting, phishing and corporate espionage.
dsniff - Collection of tools for network auditing and pentesting.
impacket - Collection of Python classes for working with network protocols.
pivotsuite - Portable, platform independent and powerful network pivoting toolkit.
routersploit - Open source exploitation framework similar to Metasploit but dedicated to embedded devices.
rshijack - TCP connection hijacker, Rust rewrite of shijack.

DDoS Tools

Anevicon - Powerful UDP-based load generator, written in Rust.
HOIC - Updated version of Low Orbit Ion Cannon, has 'boosters' to get around common counter measures.
Low Orbit Ion Canon (LOIC) - Open source network stress tool written for Windows.
Memcrashed - DDoS attack tool for sending forged UDP packets to vulnerable Memcached servers obtained using Shodan API.
SlowLoris - DoS tool that uses low bandwidth on the attacking side.
T50 - Faster network stress tool.
UFONet - Abuses OSI layer 7 HTTP to create/manage 'zombies' and to conduct different attacks using; GET/POST, multithreading, proxies, origin spoofing methods, cache evasion techniques, etc.

Network Reconnaissance Tools

ACLight - Script for advanced discovery of sensitive Privileged Accounts - includes Shadow Admins.
AQUATONE - Subdomain discovery tool utilizing various open sources producing a report that can be used as input to other tools.
CloudFail - Unmask server IP addresses hidden behind Cloudflare by searching old database records and detecting misconfigured DNS.
DNSDumpster - Online DNS recon and search service.
Mass Scan - TCP port scanner, spews SYN packets asynchronously, scanning entire Internet in under 5 minutes.
OWASP Amass - Subdomain enumeration via scraping, web archives, brute forcing, permutations, reverse DNS sweeping, TLS certificates, passive DNS data sources, etc.
ScanCannon - Python script to quickly enumerate large networks by calling masscan to quickly identify open ports and then nmap to gain details on the systems/services on those ports.
XRay - Network (sub)domain discovery and reconnaissance automation tool.
dnsenum - Perl script that enumerates DNS information from a domain, attempts zone transfers, performs a brute force dictionary style attack, and then performs reverse look-ups on the results.
dnsmap - Passive DNS network mapper.
dnsrecon - DNS enumeration script.
dnstracer - Determines where a given DNS server gets its information from, and follows the chain of DNS servers.
fierce - Python3 port of the original fierce.pl DNS reconnaissance tool for locating non-contiguous IP space.
nmap - Free security scanner for network exploration & security audits.
passivedns-client - Library and query tool for querying several passive DNS providers.
passivedns - Network sniffer that logs all DNS server replies for use in a passive DNS setup.
RustScan - Lightweight and quick open-source port scanner designed to automatically pipe open ports into Nmap.
scanless - Utility for using websites to perform port scans on your behalf so as not to reveal your own IP.
smbmap - Handy SMB enumeration tool.
subbrute - DNS meta-query spider that enumerates DNS records, and subdomains.
zmap - Open source network scanner that enables researchers to easily perform Internet-wide network studies.

Protocol Analyzers and Sniffers

Network Traffic Replay and Editing Tools

TraceWrangler - Network capture file toolkit that can edit and merge pcap or pcapng files with batch editing features.
WireEdit - Full stack WYSIWYG pcap editor (requires a free license to edit packets).
bittwist - Simple yet powerful libpcap-based Ethernet packet generator useful in simulating networking traffic or scenario, testing firewall, IDS, and IPS, and troubleshooting various network problems.
hping3 - Network tool able to send custom TCP/IP packets.
pig - GNU/Linux packet crafting tool.
scapy - Python-based interactive packet manipulation program and library.
tcpreplay - Suite of free Open Source utilities for editing and replaying previously captured network traffic.

Proxies and Machine-in-the-Middle (MITM) Tools

Transport Layer Security Tools

SSLyze - Fast and comprehensive TLS/SSL configuration analyzer to help identify security mis-configurations.
crackpkcs12 - Multithreaded program to crack PKCS#12 files (.p12 and .pfx extensions), such as TLS/SSL certificates.
testssl.sh - Command line tool which checks a server's service on any port for the support of TLS/SSL ciphers, protocols as well as some cryptographic flaws.
tls_prober - Fingerprint a server's SSL/TLS implementation.

Wireless Network Tools

Aircrack-ng - Set of tools for auditing wireless networks.
Airgeddon - Multi-use bash script for Linux systems to audit wireless networks.
BoopSuite - Suite of tools written in Python for wireless auditing.
Bully - Implementation of the WPS brute force attack, written in C.
Cowpatty - Brute-force dictionary attack against WPA-PSK.
Fluxion - Suite of automated social engineering based WPA attacks.
KRACK Detector - Detect and prevent KRACK attacks in your network.
Kismet - Wireless network detector, sniffer, and IDS.
PSKracker - Collection of WPA/WPA2/WPS default algorithms, password generators, and PIN generators written in C.
Reaver - Brute force attack against WiFi Protected Setup.
WiFi Pineapple - Wireless auditing and penetration testing platform.
WiFi-Pumpkin - Framework for rogue Wi-Fi access point attack.
Wifite - Automated wireless attack tool.
infernal-twin - Automated wireless hacking tool.
krackattacks-scripts - WPA2 Krack attack scripts.
pwnagotchi - Deep reinforcement learning based AI that learns from the Wi-Fi environment and instruments BetterCAP in order to maximize the WPA key material captured.
wifi-arsenal - Resources for Wi-Fi Pentesting.

Network Vulnerability Scanners

celerystalk - Asynchronous enumeration and vulnerability scanner that "runs all the tools on all the hosts" in a configurable manner.
kube-hunter - Open-source tool that runs a set of tests ("hunters") for security issues in Kubernetes clusters from either outside ("attacker's view") or inside a cluster.
Nessus - Commercial vulnerability management, configuration, and compliance assessment platform, sold by Tenable.
Netsparker Application Security Scanner - Application security scanner to automatically find security flaws.
Nexpose - Commercial vulnerability and risk management assessment engine that integrates with Metasploit, sold by Rapid7.
OpenVAS - Free software implementation of the popular Nessus vulnerability assessment system.
Vuls - Agentless vulnerability scanner for GNU/Linux and FreeBSD, written in Go.

Web Vulnerability Scanners

ACSTIS - Automated client-side template injection (sandbox escape/bypass) detection for AngularJS.
Arachni - Scriptable framework for evaluating the security of web applications.
JCS - Joomla Vulnerability Component Scanner with automatic database updater from exploitdb and packetstorm.
Nikto - Noisy but fast black box web server and web application vulnerability scanner.
SQLmate - Friend of sqlmap that identifies SQLi vulnerabilities based on a given dork and (optional) website.
SecApps - In-browser web application security testing suite.
WPScan - Black box WordPress vulnerability scanner.
Wapiti - Black box web application vulnerability scanner with built-in fuzzer.
WebReaver - Commercial, graphical web application vulnerability scanner designed for macOS.
cms-explorer - Reveal the specific modules, plugins, components and themes that various websites powered by content management systems are running.
joomscan - Joomla vulnerability scanner.
w3af - Web application attack and audit framework.

Online Resources

Online Operating Systems Resources

DistroWatch.com's Security Category - Website dedicated to talking about, reviewing, and keeping up to date with open source operating systems.

Online Penetration Testing Resources

MITRE's Adversarial Tactics, Techniques & Common Knowledge (ATT&CK) - Curated knowledge base and model for cyber adversary behavior.
Metasploit Unleashed - Free Offensive Security Metasploit course.
Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) - Worldwide not-for-profit charitable organization focused on improving the security of especially Web-based and Application-layer software.
PENTEST-WIKI - Free online security knowledge library for pentesters and researchers.
Penetration Testing Execution Standard (PTES) - Documentation designed to provide a common language and scope for performing and reporting the results of a penetration test.
Penetration Testing Framework (PTF) - Outline for performing penetration tests compiled as a general framework usable by vulnerability analysts and penetration testers alike.
XSS-Payloads - Resource dedicated to all things XSS (cross-site), including payloads, tools, games, and documentation.

Other Lists Online

.NET Programming - Software framework for Microsoft Windows platform development.
Infosec/hacking videos recorded by cooper - Collection of security conferences recorded by Cooper.
Android Exploits - Guide on Android Exploitation and Hacks.
Android Security - Collection of Android security related resources.
AppSec - Resources for learning about application security.
Awesome Awesomness - The List of the Lists.
Awesome Malware - Curated collection of awesome malware, botnets, and other post-exploitation tools.
Awesome Shodan Queries - Awesome list of useful, funny, and depressing search queries for Shodan.
AWS Tool Arsenal - List of tools for testing and securing AWS environments.
Blue Team - Awesome resources, tools, and other shiny things for cybersecurity blue teams.
C/C++ Programming - One of the main language for open source security tools.
CTFs - Capture The Flag frameworks, libraries, etc.
Forensics - Free (mostly open source) forensic analysis tools and resources.
Hacking - Tutorials, tools, and resources.
Honeypots - Honeypots, tools, components, and more.
InfoSec § Hacking challenges - Comprehensive directory of CTFs, wargames, hacking challenge websites, pentest practice lab exercises, and more.
Infosec - Information security resources for pentesting, forensics, and more.
JavaScript Programming - In-browser development and scripting.
Kali Linux Tools - List of tools present in Kali Linux.
Node.js Programming by @sindresorhus - Curated list of delightful Node.js packages and resources.
Pentest Cheat Sheets - Awesome Pentest Cheat Sheets.
Python Programming by @svaksha - General Python programming.
Python Programming by @vinta - General Python programming.
Python tools for penetration testers - Lots of pentesting tools are written in Python.
Red Teaming - List of Awesome Red Teaming Resources.
Ruby Programming by @Sdogruyol - The de-facto language for writing exploits.
Ruby Programming by @dreikanter - The de-facto language for writing exploits.
Ruby Programming by @markets - The de-facto language for writing exploits.
SecLists - Collection of multiple types of lists used during security assessments.
SecTools - Top 125 Network Security Tools.
Security Talks - Curated list of security conferences.
Security - Software, libraries, documents, and other resources.
Serverless Security - Curated list of awesome serverless security resources such as (e)books, articles, whitepapers, blogs and research papers.
Shell Scripting - Command line frameworks, toolkits, guides and gizmos.
YARA - YARA rules, tools, and people.

Penetration Testing Report Templates

Public Pentesting Reports - Curated list of public penetration test reports released by several consulting firms and academic security groups.
T&VS Pentesting Report Template - Pentest report template provided by Test and Verification Services, Ltd.
Web Application Security Assessment Report Template - Sample Web application security assessment reporting template provided by Lucideus.

Open Sources Intelligence (OSINT)

Data Broker and Search Engine Services

Hunter.io - Data broker providing a Web search interface for discovering the email addresses and other organizational details of a company.
Threat Crowd - Search engine for threats.
Virus Total - Free service that analyzes suspicious files and URLs and facilitates the quick detection of viruses, worms, trojans, and all kinds of malware.
surfraw - Fast UNIX command line interface to a variety of popular WWW search engines.

Dorking tools

BinGoo - GNU/Linux bash based Bing and Google Dorking Tool.
dorkbot - Command-line tool to scan Google (or other) search results for vulnerabilities.
github-dorks - CLI tool to scan GitHub repos/organizations for potential sensitive information leaks.
GooDork - Command line Google dorking tool.
Google Hacking Database - Database of Google dorks; can be used for recon.
dork-cli - Command line Google dork tool.
dorks - Google hack database automation tool.
fast-recon - Perform Google dorks against a domain.
pagodo - Automate Google Hacking Database scraping.
snitch - Information gathering via dorks.

Email search and analysis tools

SimplyEmail - Email recon made fast and easy.
WhatBreach - Search email addresses and discover all known breaches that this email has been seen in, and download the breached database if it is publicly available.

Metadata harvesting and analysis

FOCA (Fingerprinting Organizations with Collected Archives) - Automated document harvester that searches Google, Bing, and DuckDuckGo to find and extrapolate internal company organizational structures.
metagoofil - Metadata harvester.
theHarvester - E-mail, subdomain and people names harvester.

Network device discovery tools

Censys - Collects data on hosts and websites through daily ZMap and ZGrab scans.
Shodan - World's first search engine for Internet-connected devices.
ZoomEye - Search engine for cyberspace that lets the user find specific network components.

OSINT Online Resources

CertGraph - Crawls a domain's SSL/TLS certificates for its certificate alternative names.
GhostProject - Searchable database of billions of cleartext passwords, partially visible for free.
NetBootcamp OSINT Tools - Collection of OSINT links and custom Web interfaces to other services.
OSINT Framework - Collection of various OSINT tools broken out by category.
WiGLE.net - Information about wireless networks world-wide, with user-friendly desktop and web applications.

Source code repository searching tools

See also Web-accessible source code ripping tools.

vcsmap - Plugin-based tool to scan public version control systems for sensitive information.
Yar - Clone git repositories to search through the whole commit history in order of commit time for secrets, tokens, or passwords.

Web application and resource analysis tools

BlindElephant - Web application fingerprinter.
EyeWitness - Tool to take screenshots of websites, provide some server header info, and identify default credentials if possible.
VHostScan - Virtual host scanner that performs reverse lookups, can be used with pivot tools, detect catch-all scenarios, aliases and dynamic default pages.
Wappalyzer - Wappalyzer uncovers the technologies used on websites.
WhatWaf - Detect and bypass web application firewalls and protection systems.
WhatWeb - Website fingerprinter.
wafw00f - Identifies and fingerprints Web Application Firewall (WAF) products.
webscreenshot - Simple script to take screenshots of websites from a list of sites.

Operating System Distributions

Android Tamer - Distribution built for Android security professionals that includes tools required for Android security testing.
ArchStrike - Arch GNU/Linux repository for security professionals and enthusiasts.
AttifyOS - GNU/Linux distribution focused on tools useful during Internet of Things (IoT) security assessments.
BlackArch - Arch GNU/Linux-based distribution for penetration testers and security researchers.
Buscador - GNU/Linux virtual machine that is pre-configured for online investigators.
Kali - Rolling Debian-based GNU/Linux distribution designed for penetration testing and digital forensics.
Network Security Toolkit (NST) - Fedora-based GNU/Linux bootable live Operating System designed to provide easy access to best-of-breed open source network security applications.
Parrot - Distribution similar to Kali, with support for multiple hardware architectures.
PentestBox - Open source pre-configured portable penetration testing environment for the Windows Operating System.
The Pentesters Framework - Distro organized around the Penetration Testing Execution Standard (PTES), providing a curated collection of utilities that omits less frequently used utilities.

Periodicals

2600: The Hacker Quarterly - American publication about technology and computer "underground" culture.
Phrack Magazine - By far the longest running hacker zine.

Physical Access Tools

AT Commands - Use AT commands over an Android device's USB port to rewrite device firmware, bypass security mechanisms, exfiltrate sensitive information, perform screen unlocks, and inject touch events.
Bash Bunny - Local exploit delivery tool in the form of a USB thumbdrive in which you write payloads in a DSL called BunnyScript.
LAN Turtle - Covert "USB Ethernet Adapter" that provides remote access, network intelligence gathering, and MITM capabilities when installed in a local network.
PCILeech - Uses PCIe hardware devices to read and write from the target system memory via Direct Memory Access (DMA) over PCIe.
Packet Squirrel - Ethernet multi-tool designed to enable covert remote access, painless packet captures, and secure VPN connections with the flip of a switch.
Poisontap - Siphons cookies, exposes internal (LAN-side) router and installs web backdoor on locked computers.
Proxmark3 - RFID/NFC cloning, replay, and spoofing toolkit often used for analyzing and attacking proximity cards/readers, wireless keys/keyfobs, and more.
Thunderclap - Open source I/O security research platform for auditing physical DMA-enabled hardware peripheral ports.
USB Rubber Ducky - Customizable keystroke injection attack platform masquerading as a USB thumbdrive.

Privilege Escalation Tools

Active Directory and Privilege Escalation (ADAPE) - Umbrella script that automates numerous useful PowerShell modules to discover security misconfigurations and attempt privilege escalation against Active Directory.
LinEnum - Scripted local Linux enumeration and privilege escalation checker useful for auditing a host and during CTF gaming.
Postenum - Shell script used for enumerating possible privilege escalation opportunities on a local GNU/Linux system.
unix-privesc-check - Shell script to check for simple privilege escalation vectors on UNIX systems.

Password Spraying Tools

DomainPasswordSpray - Tool written in PowerShell to perform a password spray attack against users of a domain.
SprayingToolkit - Scripts to make password spraying attacks against Lync/S4B, Outlook Web Access (OWA) and Office 365 (O365) a lot quicker, less painful and more efficient.

Reverse Engineering

See also awesome-reversing, Exploit Development Tools.

Reverse Engineering Books

Reverse Engineering Tools

angr - Platform-agnostic binary analysis framework.
Capstone - Lightweight multi-platform, multi-architecture disassembly framework.
Detect It Easy(DiE) - Program for determining types of files for Windows, Linux and MacOS.
Evan's Debugger - OllyDbg-like debugger for GNU/Linux.
Frida - Dynamic instrumentation toolkit for developers, reverse-engineers, and security researchers.
Fridax - Read variables and intercept/hook functions in Xamarin/Mono JIT and AOT compiled iOS/Android applications.
Ghidra - Suite of free software reverse engineering tools developed by NSA's Research Directorate originally exposed in WikiLeaks's "Vault 7" publication and now maintained as open source software.
Immunity Debugger - Powerful way to write exploits and analyze malware.
Interactive Disassembler (IDA Pro) - Proprietary multi-processor disassembler and debugger for Windows, GNU/Linux, or macOS; also has a free version, IDA Free.
Medusa - Open source, cross-platform interactive disassembler.
OllyDbg - x86 debugger for Windows binaries that emphasizes binary code analysis.
PyREBox - Python scriptable Reverse Engineering sandbox by Cisco-Talos.
Radare2 - Open source, crossplatform reverse engineering framework.
UEFITool - UEFI firmware image viewer and editor.
Voltron - Extensible debugger UI toolkit written in Python.
WDK/WinDbg - Windows Driver Kit and WinDbg.
binwalk - Fast, easy to use tool for analyzing, reverse engineering, and extracting firmware images.
boxxy - Linkable sandbox explorer.
dnSpy - Tool to reverse engineer .NET assemblies.
plasma - Interactive disassembler for x86/ARM/MIPS. Generates indented pseudo-code with colored syntax code.
pwndbg - GDB plug-in that eases debugging with GDB, with a focus on features needed by low-level software developers, hardware hackers, reverse-engineers, and exploit developers.
rVMI - Debugger on steroids; inspect userspace processes, kernel drivers, and preboot environments in a single tool.
x64dbg - Open source x64/x32 debugger for windows.

Security Education Courses

ARIZONA CYBER WARFARE RANGE - 24x7 live fire exercises for beginners through real world operations; capability for upward progression into the real world of cyber warfare.
Cybrary - Free courses in ethical hacking and advanced penetration testing. Advanced penetration testing courses are based on the book 'Penetration Testing for Highly Secured Environments'.
European Union Agency for Network and Information Security - ENISA Cyber Security Training material.
Offensive Security Training - Training from BackTrack/Kali developers.
Open Security Training - Training material for computer security classes.
SANS Security Training - Computer Security Training & Certification.

Shellcoding Guides and Tutorials

Exploit Writing Tutorials - Tutorials on how to develop exploits.
Shellcode Examples - Shellcodes database.
Shellcode Tutorial - Tutorial on how to write shellcode.
The Shellcoder's Handbook by Chris Anley et al., 2007

Side-channel Tools

ChipWhisperer - Complete open-source toolchain for side-channel power analysis and glitching attacks.
SGX-Step - Open-source framework to facilitate side-channel attack research on Intel x86 processors in general and Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions) platforms in particular.
TRRespass - Many-sided rowhammer tool suite able to reverse engineer the contents of DDR3 and DDR4 memory chips protected by Target Row Refresh mitigations.

Social Engineering

Social Engineering Books

Social Engineering Online Resources

Social Engineering Framework - Information resource for social engineers.

Social Engineering Tools

Beelogger - Tool for generating keylooger.
Catphish - Tool for phishing and corporate espionage written in Ruby.
Evilginx2 - Standalone Machine-in-the-Middle (MitM) reverse proxy attack framework for setting up phishing pages capable of defeating most forms of 2FA security schemes.
FiercePhish - Full-fledged phishing framework to manage all phishing engagements.
Gophish - Open-source phishing framework.
King Phisher - Phishing campaign toolkit used for creating and managing multiple simultaneous phishing attacks with custom email and server content.
Modlishka - Flexible and powerful reverse proxy with real-time two-factor authentication.
ReelPhish - Real-time two-factor phishing tool.
Social Engineer Toolkit (SET) - Open source pentesting framework designed for social engineering featuring a number of custom attack vectors to make believable attacks quickly.
SocialFish - Social media phishing framework that can run on an Android phone or in a Docker container.
phishery - TLS/SSL enabled Basic Auth credential harvester.
wifiphisher - Automated phishing attacks against WiFi networks.

Static Analyzers

Brakeman - Static analysis security vulnerability scanner for Ruby on Rails applications.
FindBugs - Free software static analyzer to look for bugs in Java code.
Progpilot - Static security analysis tool for PHP code.
RegEx-DoS - Analyzes source code for Regular Expressions susceptible to Denial of Service attacks.
bandit - Security oriented static analyser for Python code.
cppcheck - Extensible C/C++ static analyzer focused on finding bugs.
sobelow - Security-focused static analysis for the Phoenix Framework.
cwe_checker - Suite of tools built atop the Binary Analysis Platform (BAP) to heuristically detect CWEs in compiled binaries and firmware.

Steganography Tools

Cloakify - Textual steganography toolkit that converts any filetype into lists of everyday strings.
StegOnline - Web-based, enhanced, and open-source port of StegSolve.
StegCracker - Steganography brute-force utility to uncover hidden data inside files.

Vulnerability Databases

Bugtraq (BID) - Software security bug identification database compiled from submissions to the SecurityFocus mailing list and other sources, operated by Symantec, Inc.
CXSecurity - Archive of published CVE and Bugtraq software vulnerabilities cross-referenced with a Google dork database for discovering the listed vulnerability.
China National Vulnerability Database (CNNVD) - Chinese government-run vulnerability database analoguous to the United States's CVE database hosted by Mitre Corporation.
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) - Dictionary of common names (i.e., CVE Identifiers) for publicly known security vulnerabilities.
Exploit-DB - Non-profit project hosting exploits for software vulnerabilities, provided as a public service by Offensive Security.
Full-Disclosure - Public, vendor-neutral forum for detailed discussion of vulnerabilities, often publishes details before many other sources.
GitHub Advisories - Public vulnerability advisories published by or affecting codebases hosted by GitHub, including open source projects.
HPI-VDB - Aggregator of cross-referenced software vulnerabilities offering free-of-charge API access, provided by the Hasso-Plattner Institute, Potsdam.
Inj3ct0r - Exploit marketplace and vulnerability information aggregator. (Onion service.)
Microsoft Security Advisories and Bulletins - Archive and announcements of security advisories impacting Microsoft software, published by the Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC).
Mozilla Foundation Security Advisories - Archive of security advisories impacting Mozilla software, including the Firefox Web Browser.
National Vulnerability Database (NVD) - United States government's National Vulnerability Database provides additional meta-data (CPE, CVSS scoring) of the standard CVE List along with a fine-grained search engine.
Open Source Vulnerabilities (OSV) - Database of vulnerabilities affecting open source software, queryable by project, Git commit, or version.
Packet Storm - Compendium of exploits, advisories, tools, and other security-related resources aggregated from across the industry.
SecuriTeam - Independent source of software vulnerability information.
Snyk Vulnerability DB - Detailed information and remediation guidance for vulnerabilities known by Snyk.
US-CERT Vulnerability Notes Database - Summaries, technical details, remediation information, and lists of vendors affected by software vulnerabilities, aggregated by the United States Computer Emergency Response Team (US-CERT).
Vulnerability Lab - Open forum for security advisories organized by category of exploit target.
Vulners - Security database of software vulnerabilities.
Vulmon - Vulnerability search engine with vulnerability intelligence features that conducts full text searches in its database.
Zero Day Initiative - Bug bounty program with publicly accessible archive of published security advisories, operated by TippingPoint.

Web Exploitation

FuzzDB - Dictionary of attack patterns and primitives for black-box application fault injection and resource discovery.
Offensive Web Testing Framework (OWTF) - Python-based framework for pentesting Web applications based on the OWASP Testing Guide.
Raccoon - High performance offensive security tool for reconnaissance and vulnerability scanning.
WPSploit - Exploit WordPress-powered websites with Metasploit.
autochrome - Chrome browser profile preconfigured with appropriate settings needed for web application testing.
badtouch - Scriptable network authentication cracker.
sslstrip2 - SSLStrip version to defeat HSTS.
sslstrip - Demonstration of the HTTPS stripping attacks.

Intercepting Web proxies

See also Proxies and Machine-in-the-Middle (MITM) Tools.

Burp Suite - Integrated platform for performing security testing of web applications.
Fiddler - Free cross-platform web debugging proxy with user-friendly companion tools.
OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) - Feature-rich, scriptable HTTP intercepting proxy and fuzzer for penetration testing web applications.
mitmproxy - Interactive TLS-capable intercepting HTTP proxy for penetration testers and software developers.

Web file inclusion tools

Kadimus - LFI scan and exploit tool.
LFISuite - Automatic LFI scanner and exploiter.
fimap - Find, prepare, audit, exploit and even Google automatically for LFI/RFI bugs.
liffy - LFI exploitation tool.

Web injection tools

Commix - Automated all-in-one operating system command injection and exploitation tool.
NoSQLmap - Automatic NoSQL injection and database takeover tool.
SQLmap - Automatic SQL injection and database takeover tool.
tplmap - Automatic server-side template injection and Web server takeover tool.

Web path discovery and bruteforcing tools

dirsearch - Web path scanner.
recursebuster - Content discovery tool to perform directory and file bruteforcing.

Web shells and C2 frameworks

Browser Exploitation Framework (BeEF) - Command and control server for delivering exploits to commandeered Web browsers.
DAws - Advanced Web shell.
SharPyShell - Tiny and obfuscated ASP.NET webshell for C# web applications.
PhpSploit - Full-featured C2 framework which silently persists on webserver via evil PHP oneliner.
weevely3 - Weaponized PHP-based web shell.

Web-accessible source code ripping tools

DVCS Ripper - Rip web accessible (distributed) version control systems: SVN/GIT/HG/BZR.
GitTools - Automatically find and download Web-accessible .git repositories.
git-dumper - Tool to dump a git repository from a website.
git-scanner - Tool for bug hunting or pentesting websites that have open .git repositories available in public.

Web Exploitation Books

Windows Utilities

Bloodhound - Graphical Active Directory trust relationship explorer.
Commando VM - Automated installation of over 140 Windows software packages for penetration testing and red teaming.
Covenant - ASP.NET Core application that serves as a collaborative command and control platform for red teamers.
ctftool - Interactive Collaborative Translation Framework (CTF) exploration tool capable of launching cross-session edit session attacks.
DeathStar - Python script that uses Empire's RESTful API to automate gaining Domain Admin rights in Active Directory environments.
Empire - Pure PowerShell post-exploitation agent.
Fibratus - Tool for exploration and tracing of the Windows kernel.
Inveigh - Windows PowerShell ADIDNS/LLMNR/mDNS/NBNS spoofer/machine-in-the-middle tool.
LaZagne - Credentials recovery project.
MailSniper - Modular tool for searching through email in a Microsoft Exchange environment, gathering the Global Address List from Outlook Web Access (OWA) and Exchange Web Services (EWS), and more.
PowerSploit - PowerShell Post-Exploitation Framework.
RID_ENUM - Python script that can enumerate all users from a Windows Domain Controller and crack those user's passwords using brute-force.
Responder - Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR), NBT-NS, and mDNS poisoner.
Rubeus - Toolset for raw Kerberos interaction and abuses.
Ruler - Abuses client-side Outlook features to gain a remote shell on a Microsoft Exchange server.
SCOMDecrypt - Retrieve and decrypt RunAs credentials stored within Microsoft System Center Operations Manager (SCOM) databases.
Sysinternals Suite - The Sysinternals Troubleshooting Utilities.
Windows Credentials Editor - Inspect logon sessions and add, change, list, and delete associated credentials, including Kerberos tickets.
Windows Exploit Suggester - Detects potential missing patches on the target.
mimikatz - Credentials extraction tool for Windows operating system.
redsnarf - Post-exploitation tool for retrieving password hashes and credentials from Windows workstations, servers, and domain controllers.
wePWNise - Generates architecture independent VBA code to be used in Office documents or templates and automates bypassing application control and exploit mitigation software.
WinPwn - Internal penetration test script to perform local and domain reconnaissance, privilege escalation and exploitation.

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Connect with me:

Resume Interview CheckList

AmnaAbd — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 12:35:21 +0000

Part of Udemy Course on Mastering the Coding Interview

Resume Sheet

✅ Use a pre-designed resume template

✅ Make the resume fit on 1 page

✅ Include words from job description

✅ Include company name you are applying to

✅ Does your first item on your resume reflect what they are
looking for?

✅ Experience titles demonstrate value

✅ Do you have an online link?

✅ Remove the word “I”

✅ No buzzwords describing how great you are

✅ Are you using Action words?

✅ Measure everything in terms of impact, don’t just describe your
responsibilities

✅ Technical Knowledge/Skills should include what they are looking
for Only show years if it is impressive

✅ Include only sections/items that are impressive: Experience,
Projects, Education, Technical Skills

✅ No typos or bad grammar

Connect with me:

Python ZTM Cheatsheet

AmnaAbd — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 12:29:28 +0000

Python ZTM Cheatsheet 💻🚀

We created this Python 3 Cheat Sheet initially for students of Complete Python Developer in 2020: Zero to Mastery but we're now sharing it with any Python beginners to help them learn and remember common Python syntax and with intermediate and advanced Python developers as a handy reference. If you'd like to download a PDF version of this Python Cheat Sheet, you can get it here!

Python Types: Numbers,Strings,Boolean,Lists,Dictionaries, Tuples,Sets,None

Python Basics: Comparison Operators,Logical Operators,Loops,Range,Enumerate,Counter,Named Tuple,OrderedDict

Functions: Functions,Lambda,Comprehensions,Map,Filter,Reduce,Ternary,Any,All,Closures,Scope

Advanced Python: Modules,Iterators,Generators,Decorators,Class,Exceptions,Command Line Arguments,File IO,Useful Libraries

Numbers

python's 2 main types for Numbers is int and float (or integers and floating point numbers)

type(1)   # int 
type(-10) # int
type(0)   # int
type(0.0) # float
type(2.2) # float
type(4E2) # float - 4*10 to the power of 2

# Arithmetic
10 + 3  # 13
10 - 3  # 7
10 * 3  # 30
10 ** 3 # 1000
10 / 3  # 3.3333333333333335
10 // 3 # 3 --> floor division - no decimals and returns an int
10 % 3  # 1 --> modulo operator - return the reminder. Good for deciding if number is even or odd

# Basic Functions
pow(5, 2)      # 25 --> like doing 5**2
abs(-50)       # 50
round(5.46)    # 5
round(5.468, 2)# 5.47 --> round to nth digit
bin(512)       # '0b1000000000' -->  binary format
hex(512)       # '0x200' --> hexadecimal format

# Converting Strings to Numbers
age = input("How old are you?")
age = int(age)
pi = input("What is the value of pi?")
pi = float(pi)

Strings

strings in python as stored as sequences of letters in memory

type('Hellloooooo') # str

'I\'m thirsty'
"I'm thirsty"
"\n" # new line
"\t" # adds a tab

'Hey you!'[4] # y
name = 'Andrei Neagoie'
name[4]     # e
name[:]     # Andrei Neagoie
name[1:]    # ndrei Neagoie
name[:1]    # A
name[-1]    # e
name[::1]   # Andrei Neagoie
name[::-1]  # eiogaeN ierdnA
name[0:10:2]# Ade e
# : is called slicing and has the format [ start : end : step ]

'Hi there ' + 'Timmy' # 'Hi there Timmy' --> This is called string concatenation
'*'*10 # **********

# Basic Functions
len('turtle') # 6

# Basic Methods
'  I am alone '.strip()               # 'I am alone' --> Strips all whitespace characters from both ends.
'On an island'.strip('d')             # 'On an islan' --> # Strips all passed characters from both ends.
'but life is good!'.split()           # ['but', 'life', 'is', 'good!']
'Help me'.replace('me', 'you')        # 'Help you' --> Replaces first with second param
'Need to make fire'.startswith('Need')# True
'and cook rice'.endswith('rice')      # True
'bye bye'.index('e')                  # 2
'still there?'.upper()                # STILL THERE?
'HELLO?!'.lower()                     # hello?!
'ok, I am done.'.capitalize()         # 'Ok, I am done.'
'oh hi there'.find('i')               # 4 --> returns the starting index position of the first occurrence
'oh hi there'.count('e')              # 2

# String Formatting
name1 = 'Andrei'
name2 = 'Sunny'
print(f'Hello there {name1} and {name2}')       # Hello there Andrei and Sunny - Newer way to do things as of python 3.6
print('Hello there {}, {}'.format(name1, name2))# Hello there Andrei and Sunny
print('Hello there %s and %s' %(name1, name2))  # Hello there Andrei and Sunny --> you can also use %d, %f, %r for integers, floats, string representations of objects respectively

# Palindrome check
word = 'reviver'
p = bool(word.find(word[::-1]) + 1)
print(p) # True

Boolean

True or False. Used in a lot of comparison and logical operations in Python

bool(True)
bool(False)

# all of the below evaluate to False. Everything else will evaluate to True in Python.
print(bool(None))
print(bool(False))
print(bool(0))
print(bool(0.0))
print(bool([]))
print(bool({}))
print(bool(()))
print(bool(''))
print(bool(range(0)))
print(bool(set()))

# See Logical Operators and Comparison Operators section for more on booleans.

Lists

Unlike strings, lists are mutable sequences in python

my_list = [1, 2, '3', True]# We assume this list won't mutate for each example below
len(my_list)               # 4
my_list.index('3')         # 2
my_list.count(2)           # 1 --> count how many times 2 appears

my_list[3]                 # True
my_list[1:]                # [2, '3', True]
my_list[:1]                # [1]
my_list[-1]                # True
my_list[::1]               # [1, 2, '3', True]
my_list[::-1]              # [True, '3', 2, 1]
my_list[0:3:2]             # [1, '3']

# : is called slicing and has the format [ start : end : step ]

# Add to List
my_list * 2                # [1, 2, '3', True, 1, 2, '3', True]
my_list + [100]            # [1, 2, '3', True, 100] --> doesn't mutate original list, creates new one
my_list.append(100)        # None --> Mutates original list to [1, 2, '3', True, 100]          # Or: <list> += [<el>]
my_list.extend([100, 200]) # None --> Mutates original list to [1, 2, '3', True, 100, 200]
my_list.insert(2, '!!!')   # None -->  [1, 2, '!!!', '3', True] - Inserts item at index and moves the rest to the right.

' '.join(['Hello','There'])# 'Hello There' --> Joins elements using string as separator.

# Copy a List
basket = ['apples', 'pears', 'oranges']
new_basket = basket.copy()
new_basket2 = basket[:]

# Remove from List
[1,2,3].pop()    # 3 --> mutates original list, default index in the pop method is -1 (the last item)
[1,2,3].pop(1)   # 2 --> mutates original list
[1,2,3].remove(2)# None --> [1,3] Removes first occurrence of item or raises ValueError.
[1,2,3].clear()  # None --> mutates original list and removes all items: []
del [1,2,3][0] #

# Ordering
[1,2,5,3].sort()         # None --> Mutates list to [1, 2, 3, 5]
[1,2,5,3].sort(reverse=True) # None --> Mutates list to [5, 3, 2, 1]
[1,2,5,3].reverse()      # None --> Mutates list to [3, 5, 2, 1]
sorted([1,2,5,3])        # [1, 2, 3, 5] --> new list created
list(reversed([1,2,5,3]))# [3, 5, 2, 1] --> reversed() returns an iterator

# Useful operations
1 in [1,2,5,3]  # True
min([1,2,3,4,5])# 1
max([1,2,3,4,5])# 5
sum([1,2,3,4,5])# 15

# Get First and Last element of a list
mList = [63, 21, 30, 14, 35, 26, 77, 18, 49, 10]
first, *x, last = mList
print(first) #63
print(last) #10

# Matrix
matrix = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
matrix[2][0] # 7 --> Grab first first of the third item in the matrix object

# Looping through a matrix by rows:
mx = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
for row in range(len(mx)):
    for col in range(len(mx[0])):
        print(mx[row][col]) # 1 2 3 4 5 6

# Transform into a list:
[mx[row][col] for row in range(len(mx)) for col in range(len(mx[0]))] # [1,2,3,4,5,6]

# Combine columns with zip and *:
[x for x in zip(*mx)] # [(1, 3), (2, 4)]

# List Comprehensions
# new_list[<action> for <item> in <iterator> if <some condition>]
a = [i for i in 'hello']                  # ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', '0']
b = [i*2 for i in [1,2,3]]                # [2, 4, 6]
c = [i for i in range(0,10) if i % 2 == 0]# [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

# Advanced Functions
list_of_chars = list('Helloooo')                                   # ['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'o', 'o', 'o']
sum_of_elements = sum([1,2,3,4,5])                                 # 15
element_sum = [sum(pair) for pair in zip([1,2,3],[4,5,6])]         # [5, 7, 9]
sorted_by_second = sorted(['hi','you','man'], key=lambda el: el[1])# ['man', 'hi', 'you']
sorted_by_key = sorted([
                       {'name': 'Bina', 'age': 30},
                       {'name':'Andy', 'age': 18},
                       {'name': 'Zoey', 'age': 55}],
                       key=lambda el: (el['name']))# [{'name': 'Andy', 'age': 18}, {'name': 'Bina', 'age': 30}, {'name': 'Zoey', 'age': 55}]

# Read line of a file into a list
with open("myfile.txt") as f:
  lines = [line.strip() for line in f]

Dictionaries

Also known as mappings or hash tables. They are key value pairs that are guaranteed to retain order of insertion starting from Python 3.7

my_dict = {'name': 'Andrei Neagoie', 'age': 30, 'magic_power': False}
my_dict['name']                      # Andrei Neagoie
len(my_dict)                         # 3
list(my_dict.keys())                 # ['name', 'age', 'magic_power']
list(my_dict.values())               # ['Andrei Neagoie', 30, False]
list(my_dict.items())                # [('name', 'Andrei Neagoie'), ('age', 30), ('magic_power', False)]
my_dict['favourite_snack'] = 'Grapes'# {'name': 'Andrei Neagoie', 'age': 30, 'magic_power': False, 'favourite_snack': 'Grapes'}
my_dict.get('age')                   # 30 --> Returns None if key does not exist.
my_dict.get('ages', 0 )              # 0 --> Returns default (2nd param) if key is not found

#Remove key
del my_dict['name']
my_dict.pop('name', None)

my_dict.update({'cool': True})                                         # {'name': 'Andrei Neagoie', 'age': 30, 'magic_power': False, 'favourite_snack': 'Grapes', 'cool': True}
{**my_dict, **{'cool': True} }                                         # {'name': 'Andrei Neagoie', 'age': 30, 'magic_power': False, 'favourite_snack': 'Grapes', 'cool': True}
new_dict = dict([['name','Andrei'],['age',32],['magic_power',False]])  # Creates a dict from collection of key-value pairs.
new_dict = dict(zip(['name','age','magic_power'],['Andrei',32, False]))# Creates a dict from two collections.
new_dict = my_dict.pop('favourite_snack')                              # Removes item from dictionary.

# Dictionary Comprehension
{key: value for key, value in new_dict.items() if key == 'age' or key == 'name'} # {'name': 'Andrei', 'age': 32} --> Filter dict by keys

Tuples

Like lists, but they are used for immutable thing (that don't change)

my_tuple = ('apple','grapes','mango', 'grapes')
apple, grapes, mango, grapes = my_tuple# Tuple unpacking
len(my_tuple)                          # 4
my_tuple[2]                            # mango
my_tuple[-1]                           # 'grapes'

# Immutability
my_tuple[1] = 'donuts'  # TypeError
my_tuple.append('candy')# AttributeError

# Methods
my_tuple.index('grapes') # 1
my_tuple.count('grapes') # 2

# Zip
list(zip([1,2,3], [4,5,6])) # [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]

# unzip
z = [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)] # Some output of zip() function
unzip = lambda z: list(zip(*z))
unzip(z)

Sets

Unorderd collection of unique elements.

my_set = set()
my_set.add(1)  # {1}
my_set.add(100)# {1, 100}
my_set.add(100)# {1, 100} --> no duplicates!

new_list = [1,2,3,3,3,4,4,5,6,1]
set(new_list)           # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

my_set.remove(100)      # {1} --> Raises KeyError if element not found
my_set.discard(100)     # {1} --> Doesn't raise an error if element not found
my_set.clear()          # {}
new_set = {1,2,3}.copy()# {1,2,3}

set1 = {1,2,3}
set2 = {3,4,5}
set3 = set1.union(set2)               # {1,2,3,4,5}
set4 = set1.intersection(set2)        # {3}
set5 = set1.difference(set2)          # {1, 2}
set6 = set1.symmetric_difference(set2)# {1, 2, 4, 5}
set1.issubset(set2)                   # False
set1.issuperset(set2)                 # False
set1.isdisjoint(set2)                 # False --> return True if two sets have a null intersection.

# Frozenset
# hashable --> it can be used as a key in a dictionary or as an element in a set.
<frozenset> = frozenset(<collection>)

None

None is used for absence of a value and can be used to show nothing has been assigned to an object

type(None) # NoneType
a = None

Comparison Operators

==                   # equal values
!=                   # not equal
>                    # left operand is greater than right operand
<                    # left operand is less than right operand
>=                   # left operand is greater than or equal to right operand
<=                   # left operand is less than or equal to right operand
<element> is <element> # check if two operands refer to same object in memory

Logical Operators

1 < 2 and 4 > 1 # True
1 > 3 or 4 > 1  # True
1 is not 4      # True
not True        # False
1 not in [2,3,4]# True

if <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
  # perform action1
elif <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
  # perform action2
else:
  # perform action3

Loops

my_list = [1,2,3]
my_tuple = (1,2,3)
my_list2 = [(1,2), (3,4), (5,6)]
my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2. 'c': 3}

for num in my_list:
    print(num) # 1, 2, 3

for num in my_tuple:
    print(num) # 1, 2, 3

for num in my_list2:
    print(num) # (1,2), (3,4), (5,6)

for num in '123':
    print(num) # 1, 2, 3

for k,v in my_dict.items(): # Dictionary Unpacking
    print(k) # 'a', 'b', 'c'
    print(v) # 1, 2, 3

while <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
  # action
  if <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
    break # break out of while loop
  if <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
    continue # continue to the next line in the block

# waiting until user quits
msg = ''
while msg != 'quit':
    msg = input("What should I do?")
    print(msg)

Range

range(10)          # range(0, 10) --> 0 to 9
range(1,10)        # range(1, 10)
list(range(0,10,2))# [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

Enumerate

for i, el in enumerate('helloo'):
  print(f'{i}, {el}')
# 0, h
# 1, e
# 2, l
# 3, l
# 4, o
# 5, o

Counter

from collections import Counter
colors = ['red', 'blue', 'yellow', 'blue', 'red', 'blue']
counter = Counter(colors)# Counter({'blue': 3, 'red': 2, 'yellow': 1})
counter.most_common()[0] # ('blue', 3)

Named Tuple

Tuple is an immutable and hashable list.
Named tuple is its subclass with named elements.

from collections import namedtuple
Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
p = Point(1, y=2)# Point(x=1, y=2)
p[0]             # 1
p.x              # 1
getattr(p, 'y')  # 2
p._fields        # Or: Point._fields #('x', 'y')

from collections import namedtuple
Person = namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
person = Person('Jean-Luc', 187)
f'{person.height}'           # '187'
'{p.height}'.format(p=person)# '187'

OrderedDict

Maintains order of insertion

from collections import OrderedDict
# Store each person's languages, keeping # track of who responded first. 
programmers = OrderedDict()
programmers['Tim'] = ['python', 'javascript']
programmers['Sarah'] = ['C++']
programmers['Bia'] = ['Ruby', 'Python', 'Go']

for name, langs in programmers.items():
    print(name + '-->')
    for lang in langs:
      print('\t' + lang)

Functions

*args and **kwargs

Splat (*) expands a collection into positional arguments, while splatty-splat (**) expands a dictionary into keyword arguments.

args   = (1, 2)
kwargs = {'x': 3, 'y': 4, 'z': 5}
some_func(*args, **kwargs) # same as some_func(1, 2, x=3, y=4, z=5)

* Inside Function Definition

Splat combines zero or more positional arguments into a tuple, while splatty-splat combines zero or more keyword arguments into a dictionary.

def add(*a):
    return sum(a)

add(1, 2, 3) # 6

Ordering of parameters:

def f(*args):                  # f(1, 2, 3)
def f(x, *args):               # f(1, 2, 3)
def f(*args, z):               # f(1, 2, z=3)
def f(x, *args, z):            # f(1, 2, z=3)

def f(**kwargs):               # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
def f(x, **kwargs):            # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)

def f(*args, **kwargs):        # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
def f(x, *args, **kwargs):     # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
def f(*args, y, **kwargs):     # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
def f(x, *args, z, **kwargs):  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3)

Other Uses of *

[*[1,2,3], *[4]]                # [1, 2, 3, 4]
{*[1,2,3], *[4]}                # {1, 2, 3, 4}
(*[1,2,3], *[4])                # (1, 2, 3, 4)
{**{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, **{'c': 3}}# {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

head, *body, tail = [1,2,3,4,5]

Lambda

# lambda: <return_value>
# lambda <argument1>, <argument2>: <return_value>

# Factorial
from functools import reduce

n = 3
factorial = reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, range(1, n+1))
print(factorial) #6

# Fibonacci
fib = lambda n : n if n <= 1 else fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
result = fib(10)
print(result) #55

Comprehensions

<list> = [i+1 for i in range(10)]         # [1, 2, ..., 10]
<set>  = {i for i in range(10) if i > 5}  # {6, 7, 8, 9}
<iter> = (i+5 for i in range(10))         # (5, 6, ..., 14)
<dict> = {i: i*2 for i in range(10)}      # {0: 0, 1: 2, ..., 9: 18}

output = [i+j for i in range(3) for j in range(3)] # [0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4]

# Is the same as:
output = []
for i in range(3):
  for j in range(3):
    output.append(i+j)

Ternary Condition

# <expression_if_true> if <condition> else <expression_if_false>

[a if a else 'zero' for a in [0, 1, 0, 3]] # ['zero', 1, 'zero', 3]

Map Filter Reduce

from functools import reduce
list(map(lambda x: x + 1, range(10)))            # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10]
list(filter(lambda x: x > 5, range(10)))         # (6, 7, 8, 9)
reduce(lambda acc, x: acc + x, range(10))        # 45

Any All

any([False, True, False])# True if at least one item in collection is truthy, False if empty.
all([True,1,3,True])     # True if all items in collection are true

Closures

We have a closure in Python when:

A nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then
the enclosing function returns the nested function.

def get_multiplier(a):
    def out(b):
        return a * b
    return out

>>> multiply_by_3 = get_multiplier(3)
>>> multiply_by_3(10)
30

If multiple nested functions within enclosing function reference the same value, that value gets shared.
To dynamically access function's first free variable use '<function>.__closure__[0].cell_contents'.

Scope

If variable is being assigned to anywhere in the scope, it is regarded as a local variable, unless it is declared as a 'global' or a 'nonlocal'.

def get_counter():
    i = 0
    def out():
        nonlocal i
        i += 1
        return i
    return out

>>> counter = get_counter()
>>> counter(), counter(), counter()
(1, 2, 3)

Modules

if __name__ == '__main__': # Runs main() if file wasn't imported.
    main()

import <module_name>
from <module_name> import <function_name>
import <module_name> as m
from <module_name> import <function_name> as m_function
from <module_name> import *

Iterators

In this cheatsheet '<collection>' can also mean an iterator.

<iter> = iter(<collection>)
<iter> = iter(<function>, to_exclusive)     # Sequence of return values until 'to_exclusive'.
<el>   = next(<iter> [, default])           # Raises StopIteration or returns 'default' on end.

Generators

Convenient way to implement the iterator protocol.

def count(start, step):
    while True:
        yield start
        start += step

>>> counter = count(10, 2)
>>> next(counter), next(counter), next(counter)
(10, 12, 14)

Decorators

A decorator takes a function, adds some functionality and returns it.

@decorator_name
def function_that_gets_passed_to_decorator():
    ...

Debugger Example

Decorator that prints function's name every time it gets called.

from functools import wraps

def debug(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def out(*args, **kwargs):
        print(func.__name__)
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return out

@debug
def add(x, y):
    return x + y

Wraps is a helper decorator that copies metadata of function add() to function out().
Without it 'add.__name__' would return 'out'.

Class

User defined objects are created using the class keyword

class <name>:
    age = 80 # Class Object Attribute
    def __init__(self, a):
        self.a = a # Object Attribute

    @classmethod
    def get_class_name(cls):
        return cls.__name__

Inheritance

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age  = age

class Employee(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, age, staff_num):
        super().__init__(name, age)
        self.staff_num = staff_num

Multiple Inheritance

class A: pass
class B: pass
class C(A, B): pass

MRO determines the order in which parent classes are traversed when searching for a method:

>>> C.mro()
[<class 'C'>, <class 'A'>, <class 'B'>, <class 'object'>]

Exceptions

try:
  5/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
  print("No division by zero!")

while True:
  try:
    x = int(input('Enter your age: '))
  except ValueError:
    print('Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...')
  else: # code that depends on the try block running successfully should be placed in the else block.
    print('Carry on!')
    break

Raising Exception

raise ValueError('some error message')

Finally

try:
  raise KeyboardInterrupt
except:
  print('oops')
finally:
  print('All done!')

Command Line Arguments

import sys
script_name = sys.argv[0]
arguments   = sys.argv[1:]

File IO

Opens a file and returns a corresponding file object.

<file> = open('<path>', mode='r', encoding=None)

Modes

'r' - Read (default).
'w' - Write (truncate).
'x' - Write or fail if the file already exists.
'a' - Append.
'w+' - Read and write (truncate).
'r+' - Read and write from the start.
'a+' - Read and write from the end.
't' - Text mode (default).
'b' - Binary mode.

File

<file>.seek(0)                      # Moves to the start of the file.

<str/bytes> = <file>.readline()     # Returns a line.
<list>      = <file>.readlines()    # Returns a list of lines.

<file>.write(<str/bytes>)           # Writes a string or bytes object.
<file>.writelines(<list>)           # Writes a list of strings or bytes objects.

Methods do not add or strip trailing newlines.

Read Text from File

def read_file(filename):
    with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as file:
        return file.readlines() # or read()

for line in read_file(filename):
  print(line)

Write Text to File

def write_to_file(filename, text):
    with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        file.write(text)

Append Text to File

def append_to_file(filename, text):
    with open(filename, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        file.write(text)

Useful Libraries

CSV

import csv

Read Rows from CSV File

def read_csv_file(filename):
    with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as file:
        return csv.reader(file, delimiter=';')

Write Rows to CSV File

def write_to_csv_file(filename, rows):
    with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        writer = csv.writer(file, delimiter=';')
        writer.writerows(rows)

JSON

import json
<str>    = json.dumps(<object>, ensure_ascii=True, indent=None)
<object> = json.loads(<str>)

Read Object from JSON File

def read_json_file(filename):
    with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as file:
        return json.load(file)

Write Object to JSON File

def write_to_json_file(filename, an_object):
    with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        json.dump(an_object, file, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)

Pickle

import pickle
<bytes>  = pickle.dumps(<object>)
<object> = pickle.loads(<bytes>)

Read Object from File

def read_pickle_file(filename):
    with open(filename, 'rb') as file:
        return pickle.load(file)

Write Object to File

def write_to_pickle_file(filename, an_object):
    with open(filename, 'wb') as file:
        pickle.dump(an_object, file)

Profile

Basic

from time import time
start_time = time()  # Seconds since
...
duration = time() - start_time

Math

from math import e, pi
from math import cos, acos, sin, asin, tan, atan, degrees, radians
from math import log, log10, log2
from math import inf, nan, isinf, isnan

Statistics

from statistics import mean, median, variance, pvariance, pstdev

Random

from random import random, randint, choice, shuffle
random() # random float between 0 and 1
randint(0, 100) # random integer between 0 and 100
random_el = choice([1,2,3,4]) # select a random element from list
shuffle([1,2,3,4]) # shuffles a list

Datetime

Module 'datetime' provides 'date' <D>, 'time' <T>, 'datetime' <DT> and 'timedelta' <TD> classes. All are immutable and hashable.
Time and datetime can be 'aware' <a>, meaning they have defined timezone, or 'naive' <n>, meaning they don't.
If object is naive it is presumed to be in system's timezone.

from datetime import date, time, datetime, timedelta
from dateutil.tz import UTC, tzlocal, gettz

Constructors

<D>  = date(year, month, day)
<T>  = time(hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, fold=0)
<DT> = datetime(year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, ...)
<TD> = timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0,
                 minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)

Use '<D/DT>.weekday()' to get the day of the week (Mon == 0).
'fold=1' means second pass in case of time jumping back for one hour.

Now

<D/DTn>  = D/DT.today()                     # Current local date or naive datetime.
<DTn>    = DT.utcnow()                      # Naive datetime from current UTC time.
<DTa>    = DT.now(<tz>)                     # Aware datetime from current tz time.

Timezone

<tz>     = UTC                              # UTC timezone.
<tz>     = tzlocal()                        # Local timezone.
<tz>     = gettz('<Cont.>/<City>')          # Timezone from 'Continent/City_Name' str.

<DTa>    = <DT>.astimezone(<tz>)            # Datetime, converted to passed timezone.
<Ta/DTa> = <T/DT>.replace(tzinfo=<tz>)      # Unconverted object with new timezone.

Regex

import re
<str>   = re.sub(<regex>, new, text, count=0)  # Substitutes all occurrences.
<list>  = re.findall(<regex>, text)            # Returns all occurrences.
<list>  = re.split(<regex>, text, maxsplit=0)  # Use brackets in regex to keep the matches.
<Match> = re.search(<regex>, text)             # Searches for first occurrence of pattern.
<Match> = re.match(<regex>, text)              # Searches only at the beginning of the text.

Match Object

<str>   = <Match>.group()   # Whole match.
<str>   = <Match>.group(1)  # Part in first bracket.
<tuple> = <Match>.groups()  # All bracketed parts.
<int>   = <Match>.start()   # Start index of a match.
<int>   = <Match>.end()     # Exclusive end index of a match.

Special Sequences

Expressions below hold true for strings that contain only ASCII characters. Use capital letters for negation.


'\d' == '[0-9]'          # Digit
'\s' == '[ \t\n\r\f\v]'  # Whitespace
'\w' == '[a-zA-Z0-9_]'   # Alphanumeric

Credits

Inspired by: https://zerotomastery.io/cheatsheets/python-cheat-sheet

Forem: AmnaAbd

JavaScript tips & tricks

Description 😋

Table Of Content 📃

Array

Object

Destructuring (ES6+)

Operator

Comparison

Others

javascript-tricks

Arrays

Union of arrays

Intersection of arrays

Get non intersected values

Printing array of array values in a new line

Removing duplicates from an array

Replace the specific value in an array

Mapping array without maps

Emptying an array

Convert an array to an object

Merging Arrays

Merging only duplicates value in two arrays

Remove falsy value from an array.

Reverse an array

Sum of the value in an array

Generate an array from a function Arguments

Strings

Reverse a string

Replace a character at a particular index

Remove last character in a string

Programming Languages & Their uses

CSS Units Cheat Sheet

Small .Net 6 Improvement

dotnet6 #coding #devcommunity

JavaScript tips & tricks

JavaScript tips & tricks

Description 😋

Table Of Content 📃

Array

Object

Destructuring (ES6+)

Operator

Comparison

Others

Basic JavaScript Functions.

js-function-fun

To test the functions:

identity(x) ⇒ any

addb(a, b) ⇒ number

subb(a, b) ⇒ number

mulb(a, b) ⇒ number

minb(a, b) ⇒ number

maxb(a, b) ⇒ number

add(...nums) ⇒ number

sub(...nums) ⇒ number

mul(...nums) ⇒ number

min(...nums) ⇒ number

max(...nums) ⇒ number

addRecurse(...nums) ⇒ number

mulRecurse(...nums) ⇒ number

minRecurse(...nums) ⇒ number

maxRecurse(...nums) ⇒ number

not(func) ⇒ function

acc(func, initial) ⇒ function

accPartial(func, start, end) ⇒ function

accRecurse(func, initial) ⇒ function

fill(num) ⇒ array

fillRecurse(num) ⇒ array

set(...args) ⇒ array

identityf(x) ⇒ function

addf(a) ⇒ function

liftf(binary) ⇒ function

pure(x, y) ⇒ array

curryb(binary, a) ⇒ function

curry(func, ...outer) ⇒ function

inc(x) ⇒ number

twiceUnary(binary) ⇒ function

doubl(x) ⇒ number

square(x) ⇒ number

identity(x) ⇒ `any`

addb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

subb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

mulb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

minb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

maxb(a, b) ⇒ `number`

add(...nums) ⇒ `number`

sub(...nums) ⇒ `number`

mul(...nums) ⇒ `number`

min(...nums) ⇒ `number`

max(...nums) ⇒ `number`

addRecurse(...nums) ⇒ `number`

mulRecurse(...nums) ⇒ `number`

minRecurse(...nums) ⇒ `number`

maxRecurse(...nums) ⇒ `number`

not(func) ⇒ `function`

acc(func, initial) ⇒ `function`

accPartial(func, start, end) ⇒ `function`

accRecurse(func, initial) ⇒ `function`

fill(num) ⇒ `array`

fillRecurse(num) ⇒ `array`

set(...args) ⇒ `array`

identityf(x) ⇒ `function`

addf(a) ⇒ `function`

liftf(binary) ⇒ `function`

pure(x, y) ⇒ `array`

curryb(binary, a) ⇒ `function`

curry(func, ...outer) ⇒ `function`

inc(x) ⇒ `number`

twiceUnary(binary) ⇒ `function`

doubl(x) ⇒ `number`

square(x) ⇒ `number`

twice(x) ⇒ `any`

reverseb(binary) ⇒ `function`

reverse(func) ⇒ `function`

composeuTwo(unary1, unary2) ⇒ `function`

composeu(...funcs) ⇒ `any`

composeb(binary1, binary2) ⇒ `function`

composeTwo(func1, func2) ⇒ `function`

compose(...funcs) ⇒ `function`

limitb(binary, lmt) ⇒ `function`

limit(func, lmt) ⇒ `function`

genFrom(x) ⇒ `function`

genTo(gen, lmt) ⇒ `function`

genFromTo(start, end) ⇒ `function`

elementGen(array, gen) ⇒ `function`

element(array, gen) ⇒ `function`

collect(gen, array) ⇒ `function`

filter(gen, predicate) ⇒ `function`

filterTail(gen, predicate) ⇒ `function`

concatTwo(gen1, gen2) ⇒ `function`

concat(...gens) ⇒ `function`

concatTail(...gens) ⇒ `function`

gensymf(symbol) ⇒ `function`

gensymff(unary, seed) ⇒ `function`

fibonaccif(first, second) ⇒ `function`

counter(i) ⇒ `object`

revocableb(binary) ⇒ `object`

revocable(func) ⇒ `object`

extract(array, prop) ⇒ `array`

m(value, source) ⇒ `object`

addmTwo(m1, m2) ⇒ `object`

addm(...ms) ⇒ `object`

liftmbM(binary, op) ⇒ `object`

liftmb(binary, op) ⇒ `object`

liftm(func, op) ⇒ `object`

exp(value) ⇒ `any`

expn(value) ⇒ `any`

addg(value) ⇒ `number` | `undefined`

liftg(binary) ⇒ `function`

arrayg(value) ⇒ `array`

continuizeu(unary) ⇒ `function`

continuize(any) ⇒ `function`

mapRecurse(array, predicate) ⇒ `array`

filterRecurse(array, predicate) ⇒ `array`

`asyncPool(poolLimit, array, iteratorFn)`