Forem: Akshay Kurhekar

Ubuntu Wi‑Fi Issue Resolution – Reference Guide (QCA9377)

Akshay Kurhekar — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 12:13:23 +0000

System Information:
• OS: Ubuntu (NetworkManager based)
• Wi‑Fi Adapter: Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377
• Interface: wlp2s0

Core Issue:
• Wi‑Fi adapter detected and firmware loaded correctly.
• However, NetworkManager showed the Wi‑Fi device as "unavailable".
• Root cause identified: wpasupplicant service was corrupted or not functioning.
• NetworkManager depends on wpasupplicant to manage Wi‑Fi authentication.

Symptoms Observed:
• nmcli device status → wifi unavailable
• wpa_supplicant service failed to start (fatal signal / core dump)
• iw dev scan showed networks (hardware and driver were working)
• NetworkManager unable to scan or connect

Packages Required:

wpasupplicant
network-manager
linux-firmware (already installed earlier)

Official Package Links:
• wpasupplicant:
https://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/w/wpa/wpa_supplicant_2.10-6ubuntu1_amd64.deb

• network-manager:
https://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/n/network-manager/network-manager_1.36.6-0ubuntu2_amd64.deb

Resolution Steps:

Step 1: Reinstall required packages (online method)
sudo apt update
sudo apt install --reinstall wpasupplicant network-manager

Offline method:
sudo dpkg -i wpa_supplicant*.deb
sudo dpkg -i network-manager*.deb

Step 2: Restart services
sudo systemctl daemon-reexec
sudo systemctl restart wpasupplicant
sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager

Step 3: Reboot system
sudo reboot

Verification Commands:
nmcli device status
nmcli device wifi list
systemctl status wpasupplicant
systemctl status NetworkManager

Expected Result:
• Wi‑Fi interface state changes from “unavailable” → “disconnected” or “connected”
• Available Wi‑Fi networks become visible
• Successful connection to wireless network

Conclusion:
The issue was caused by a broken wpasupplicant service, not by hardware, driver, or firmware.
Reinstalling wpasupplicant and network-manager restored proper Wi‑Fi functionality.

Tokenization in Blockchain 🚀🌐

Akshay Kurhekar — Tue, 25 Jul 2023 09:10:39 +0000

Hi, there 👋 welcome to another blog on blockchain concept with tokenization 🚀. This concept of Tokenization is very essential to understand for budling any project beet DAPP, DAO OR Defi.

Lets try to understand Tokenization

Advantages of tokenization

Tokenization provides several benefits. The following are some of the most important of these benefits:

• Faster transaction processing: As transactions and all relevant parties are present on the
blockchain and readily available, there is no need to wait for a response from a counterparty
or to wait for clearing and settlement operations. All these operations can be performed efficiently and quickly on a blockchain.
• Flexibility: Due to the worldwide adoption of systems that use tokens, such as payment systems,
tokenization becomes simple due to easier cross-border use.
• Low cost: In comparison with traditional financial products, tokenization requires a lower cost
to implement and incurs a lower cost to the end user due to digitization. More recently, the
introduction of digital payments has revolutionized the financial industry. In the same spirit,
tokenization using blockchain can be considered another step toward achieving further efficiency and cost reduction. In fact, tokenization gives rise to a better, more efficient, and more
democratic financial system. For example, just being able to share customer data recorded
on one blockchain across all financial institutions reduces costs. Similarly, the possibility of
converting illiquid assets into liquid assets is another way of increasing efficiency and profits.
• Decentralization: Tokens are presented on a public blockchain, leveraging the decentralization
offered by blockchain technology. However, in some cases, a level of somewhat acceptable
centralization is introduced due to the control and scrutiny required by investors and exchanges
and other involved and interested parties.
Security: As tokens are cryptographically protected and produced using a blockchain, they
are secure. However, note that proper implementation must use good practice and meet established security industry standards, otherwise security flaws may result in exploitation by
hackers, leading to financial loss.
• Transparency: Because they are on a blockchain, tokens are more transparent than traditional
financial systems, meaning that any activity can be readily audited on a blockchain and is
visible to everyone.
• Trust: As a result of the security and transparency guarantees, more trust is naturally placed
in tokenization by investors.
• Fractional ownership: Imagine a scenario in which you own a painting by Vincent van Gogh.
It is almost impossible in traditional scenarios to have multiple owners of the painting without
immense legal, financial, and operational challenges. However, on a blockchain using tokens,
any asset (such as our van Gogh painting) can be fractionalized in such a way that it can be
owned in part by many investors. The same situation is true for a property: if I wanted to have
shared ownership with someone, it requires complicated legal procedures. However, with
tokenization, fractional ownership of any asset, be it art, real estate, or any other off-chain
real-world asset, is quick, easy, efficient, secure, and a lot less complicated than traditional
methods.
Low entry barrier: Traditional financial systems require traditional verification mechanisms,
which can take a long time for a customer. While they are necessary and serve the purpose
in traditional financial systems, these processes take a long time due to the necessary verification processes and the involvement of different entities. However, on a blockchain, this
entry barrier is lowered because there is no need to go through the long verification checks.
This is because not only is tokenization based on cryptographic guarantees provided by the
blockchain, but for many decentralized applications (DApps) in this ecosystem, it is basically
just a matter of downloading a DApp on your mobile device, depositing some funds if required,
and becoming part of the ecosystem.
• Innovative applications: Tokenization has resulted in many innovative applications, including
novel lending systems on blockchain, insurance, and other numerous financial applications,
including decentralized exchanges. Securities can now be tokenized and presented on blockchain, which results in client trust and satisfaction because of the better security and faster
processing times.
• More liquidity: This is due to the easy availability and accessibility of the tokens for the general
public. By using tokens, even illiquid assets such as paintings can be tokenized and traded on
an exchange with fractional ownership

Disadvantages of tokenization

In this section, we present some of the disadvantages of tokenization. At the top of the list we have
regulatory requirements:
• Regulatory issues: Regulation is a crucial subject of much debate. It is imperative that the tokens
are regulated so that investors can have the same level of confidence that they have when they
invest using traditional financial institutions. The big issue with tokenization and generally
any public blockchain technology is that they are mostly decentralized and in cases where
no single organization is in control, it becomes quite difficult to hold someone responsible if
something goes wrong. In a traditional system, we can go to the regulatory authorities or the
relevant ombudsman services, but who is held responsible on a blockchain?
Some of this situation has changed with recent security tokenization standards and legislation,
which consider tokens as securities. This means that security tokens will then be treated as
securities, and the same legal, financial, and regulatory implications will be placed on these
tokens that are applicable in the currently established financial industry. Refer to https://
www.sec.gov/answers/about-lawsshtml.html, where different laws that govern the securities industry are presented. This helps to increase customer confidence levels and trust in the
system; however, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed.
A new type of financial crime might be evolving with this tokenization ecosystem where, instead of using well-known and researched traditional financial fraud methods, criminals may
choose to launch a technically sophisticated attack. For an average user, this type of attack is
difficult to spot and understand as they are entirely on a blockchain and digitized. New forms
of front running and market skewing on decentralized finance platforms is increasingly becoming a concern.
• Legality of tokens: This is a concern in some jurisdictions where tokens and cryptocurrency
are illegal to own and trade.
• Technology barrier: Traditional financial systems have been the norm with brick-and-mortar
banks. We are used to that system, but things have changed and are expected to change rapidly with tokenization. Tokenization-based financial ecosystems are easier to use for a lot of
people, but for some, technological illiteracy can become an issue and could become a barrier.
Sometimes the interfaces and software applications required to use tokenization platforms
such as trading platforms are difficult to use for the average user.
• Security issues: The underlying blockchain technology is considered solid from a security
point of view, and it is boasted sometimes that due to the use of cryptography, it is impossible
to launch attacks and commit fraud on a blockchain. However, this is not entirely true, even
with the firm security foundation that blockchains provide. The way tokenization platforms
and DApps are implemented on the blockchain result in security issues that can be exploited
by hackers, potentially leading to financial loss. In other words, even if the underlying blockchain is relatively secure, the tokenization DApp implemented on top may have vulnerabilities
that could be exploited. These weaknesses could have been introduced by poor development
practices or inherent limitations in the still-evolving smart contract languages.

References :
Mastering Blockchain Fourth Edition by Imran Bashir

For more on Blockchain Content 🎉.

Checkout this Blockchain Youtube Channel:
Blockchain With Akshay 😃

Happy learning 😀 Keep reading it makes you more powerful 💪
See you in the next blog 🧾.

Cryptography in Blockchain 🤑 | Asymmetric Key Cryptography & Hashing 🚀🚀 | Part-3

Akshay Kurhekar — Wed, 24 May 2023 07:10:08 +0000

Hi, 👋 This blog contain the PPT slides of my YouTube video series
Cryptography in Blockchain 🚀 on Asymmetric Key Cryptography & Hashing 🚀🚀 🌐.

Cryptography in Blockchain 🤑 | Cryptography Basics 🚀🚀 | Part-1

Akshay Kurhekar — Wed, 24 May 2023 06:46:19 +0000

Hi, 👋 This blog contain the PPT slides of my YouTube video series
Cryptography in Blockchain 🚀 on Cryptography Basics 🌐.

Video Link : Introduction to Cryptography in Blockchain - Part 1 🚀

Cryptography in Blockchain 🤑 | Symmetric Key Cryptography 🚀🚀 | Part-2

Akshay Kurhekar — Wed, 24 May 2023 06:34:16 +0000

Hi, 👋 This blog contain the PPT slides of my YouTube video series
Cryptography in Blockchain 🚀 on Symmetric Cryptography 🌐.

Video Link : Symmetric Key Cryptography | Cryptography in Blockchain - Part 2 🚀

🚀Discover the Top ERC Tokens for Creating Powerful Smart Contracts!💪🏽💡📈

Akshay Kurhekar — Tue, 25 Apr 2023 11:43:21 +0000

Hi 👋, here is new and exciting blog on Blockchain 😍. If you started journey towards blockchain then its pretty important to know job about smart contract and ERC Tokens standard to write quality production grad smart contract. But befor getting started let's understand.

what is ERC? - In blockchain term, ERC stands for Ethereum Request for Comments. It is a technical standard used for implementing tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. ERC standards provide a set of rules and guidelines for developers to follow when creating new smart contracts, which helps to ensure that they are interoperable and compatible with other applications and services on the Ethereum network.

ERC standards have played a significant role in the growth and adoption of decentralized applications (dApps) and other blockchain-based services built on Ethereum. They have enabled developers to create and deploy a wide range of tokens and other assets on the network, including fungible and non-fungible tokens, security tokens, and utility tokens, among others.

Some of the most popular ERC standards Listed below

Here's a more detailed explanation of each of the commonly used ERC token standards for smart contract development on the Ethereum blockchain:

1. ERC20:
It is the most widely used token standard and stands for Ethereum Request for Comments 20. It is used for creating fungible tokens, which means each token is interchangeable and has the same value. ERC20 tokens are typically used for applications such as cryptocurrencies, utility tokens, and security tokens. ERC20 tokens have a fixed total supply, and their functionality includes basic functions such as transferring tokens, checking token balances, and approving token transfers on behalf of another address. This standard defines a set of functions that token contracts must implement, including transfer(), transferFrom(), approve(), totalSupply(), balanceOf(), and allowance(), among others. To know more head to this _ ERC20

2. ERC721:
It is a token standard for creating non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Each ERC721 token is unique and represents a distinct digital asset, such as digital art, collectibles, virtual real estate, and more. ERC721 tokens have their own individual value and ownership, and they cannot be divided or exchanged on a one-to-one basis. ERC721 tokens are typically used in applications where uniqueness and scarcity are important. This standard defines functions such as ownerOf(), transferFrom(), approve(), getApproved(), and more. To know more head to this _ ERC721

3. ERC1155:
It is a multi-token standard that combines features of both ERC20 and ERC721. It allows for the creation of both fungible and non-fungible tokens within the same smart contract. This provides more flexibility for developers to create a variety of token types in a single contract, making it more efficient in terms of gas costs and contract deployment. ERC1155 tokens are typically used in applications where a combination of both fungible and non-fungible tokens is required, such as gaming platforms and digital marketplaces. This standard defines functions such as balanceOf(), balanceOfBatch(), setApprovalForAll(), isApprovedForAll(), safeTransferFrom(), and more. To know more head to this _ ERC-1155

4. ERC777: ERC777 is an improved version of ERC20 that introduces additional functionalities compared to ERC20 tokens. ERC777 tokens allow for the implementation of callbacks, which are functions that can be triggered in other smart contracts upon token transfer. This makes ERC777 tokens more extensible and upgradeable compared to ERC20 tokens. ERC777 tokens also have a built-in operator mechanism that simplifies token approvals. This standard defines functions such as transfer(), transferFrom(), burn(), authorizeOperator(), revokeOperator(), and more. To know more head to this _ ERC-777

5. ERC223: ERC223 is another enhanced version of ERC20 that addresses some of the known issues with ERC20, such as the risk of lost tokens due to accidental transfers to smart contracts that do not support token handling. ERC223 tokens are backward compatible with ERC20 tokens, meaning they can be used with existing ERC20 token wallets and exchanges. ERC223 tokens provide additional safety features by triggering a callback function in the receiving contract when tokens are transferred, which helps prevent tokens from being lost. This standard defines functions such as transfer(), transferFrom(), approve(), balanceOf(), and tokenFallback(), among others. To know more head to this _ ERC-223

For more on Blockchain Content 🎉.

Checkout this Blockchain Youtube Channel:
Blockchain With Akshay 😃

Happy learning 😀 Keep reading it makes you more powerful 💪
See you in the next blog 🧾.

🤑🔮List of Jobs Available in Blockchain 2023 🚀

Akshay Kurhekar — Sat, 08 Apr 2023 07:16:52 +0000

Hi 👋, here is new and important blog on Blockchain 😍. If you started journey towards blockchain then its pretty important to know job roles and demand in market so, in this blog I have listed all different types of jobs in blockchain domain🥳.

Blockchain Developer: Blockchain developers write code to create and maintain blockchain-based applications, smart contracts, and decentralized applications (dApps).
Blockchain Architect: A blockchain architect designs the overall blockchain ecosystem, including blockchain protocols, consensus mechanisms, and network architecture.
Blockchain Project Manager: Blockchain project managers are responsible for overseeing the development of blockchain-based projects, ensuring that the projects are delivered on time, within budget, and meet all the requirements.
Blockchain Quality Engineer: A blockchain quality engineer ensures the quality of the code, applications, and systems built on the blockchain network.
Blockchain Security Engineer: Blockchain security engineers are responsible for ensuring the security of the blockchain network, identifying and mitigating security threats and risks.
Blockchain Consultant: A blockchain consultant helps organizations understand the potential benefits and risks of implementing blockchain technology and provides advice on how to integrate it into their business.
Blockchain UX/UI Designer: Blockchain UX/UI designers are responsible for designing user interfaces and experiences for blockchain-based applications and websites.
Blockchain Analyst: Blockchain analysts use data analytics tools and techniques to analyze blockchain transactions and network data, providing insights to stakeholders.
Blockchain Legal Consultant: A blockchain legal consultant advises organizations on the legal implications of implementing blockchain technology, including regulatory compliance, intellectual property rights, and privacy issues.
Blockchain Marketing Specialist: A blockchain marketing specialist creates marketing campaigns and strategies to promote blockchain-based products and services.
Cryptocurrency Trader: Cryptocurrency traders buy and sell digital currencies on exchanges, making profits by taking advantage of price fluctuations.
Cryptocurrency Analyst: Cryptocurrency analysts study market trends, news, and other factors to predict the price movements of cryptocurrencies, helping investors make informed decisions.
Smart Contract Developer: Smart contract developers are responsible for writing and implementing smart contracts on a blockchain network. They need to have a strong understanding of programming languages such as Solidity, C++, or JavaScript, as well as knowledge of blockchain platforms such as Ethereum or EOS.
Smart Contract Auditor: Smart contract auditors are responsible for reviewing and evaluating the code of smart contracts to identify any vulnerabilities or flaws in the code. They need to have a deep understanding of programming languages and blockchain technology, as well as knowledge of cybersecurity and auditing standards.
Smart Contract Manager: Smart contract managers are responsible for overseeing the development and deployment of smart contracts on a blockchain network. They need to have a strong understanding of blockchain technology and project management skills to ensure that smart contracts are implemented efficiently and effectively.
Smart Contract Tester: Smart contract testers are responsible for testing and validating smart contracts to ensure that they are functioning correctly and securely. They need to have a deep understanding of blockchain technology and programming languages, as well as knowledge of testing methodologies and tools.
Smart Contract Engineer: Smart contract engineers are responsible for designing, developing, and deploying smart contracts on a blockchain network. They need to have a strong understanding of blockchain technology, programming languages, and software engineering principles.

These are just some examples of the jobs available in the blockchain industry. The demand for blockchain-related skills is growing rapidly, and many new jobs will likely emerge as the technology evolves.

For more on Blockchain Content 🎉.

Checkout this Blockchain Youtube Channel:
Blockchain With Akshay 😃

Happy learning 😀 Keep reading it makes you more powerful 💪
See you in the next blog 🧾.

🚀🔮What is Blockchain Technology ?

Akshay Kurhekar — Wed, 15 Mar 2023 03:52:09 +0000

Hi all 👋, welcome back to the very new and exciting blog 🥳. Have you ever heard of Blockchain and wondered what it is? If so, you're in the right place! In this blog post, we'll explore Blockchain in simple terms and dive into the technology behind it. So let's get started quickly 🤩.

But first, let me ask you this: have you ever sent money to someone overseas or made an online payment for a product or service? If you have, then you've probably encountered some challenges, such as delays, high fees, or even fraud. Blockchain was created to solve these problems and bring about a more secure, transparent, and efficient way of conducting transactions.

In this blog post, we'll take a closer look at how Blockchain works and its various use cases. By the end of it, you'll have a clear understanding of what Blockchain is and how it can benefit you. So, if you're ready to learn more about this revolutionary technology, let's dive in!

Blockchain Usecase 1:

One use case for blockchain technology is in supply chain management. A supply chain is the network of businesses and organizations involved in creating and delivering a product or service to customers. Supply chains can be complex and involve multiple parties, making it difficult to keep track of the flow of goods and ensure that all participants are acting honestly.

Using a blockchain, supply chain participants can create a shared, tamper-proof ledger of transactions that documents the movement of goods throughout the supply chain. Each time a product changes hands, a new block is added to the blockchain, and all participants in the supply chain can see the update in real time.
This transparency can help to reduce the risk of fraud and ensure that all parties are held accountable for their actions. For example, if a product is found to be defective, the blockchain can be used to trace it back to its source and determine where in the supply chain the problem occurred.

Additionally, smart contracts can be used to automate certain aspects of the supply chain, such as payments and delivery schedules, further streamlining the process and reducing the need for intermediaries.

Overall, blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize supply chain management by increasing transparency, reducing the risk of fraud, and improving efficiency.

Blockchain Usecase 2:

One use case for blockchain technology in finance is in the area of cross-border payments. Traditional cross-border payments can be slow, expensive, and prone to errors. Banks and other financial institutions must rely on intermediaries to facilitate these transactions, which can add complexity and cost to the process.

By using a blockchain, cross-border payments can be made faster, cheaper, and with fewer intermediaries. With a blockchain-based payment system, all parties involved in the transaction can have access to the same ledger, which is updated in real-time as the transaction progresses. This can help to reduce the risk of errors and fraud, as all parties can see the transaction details and verify the authenticity of the transaction.

Additionally, blockchain-based payment systems can operate 24/7, allowing transactions to be processed at any time and reducing the time it takes to settle payments. This can be particularly beneficial for businesses that need to make international payments quickly.

Overall, blockchain technology has the potential to streamline cross-border payments by reducing the need for intermediaries, increasing transparency, and improving speed and efficiency.

Key Note:

Now, we have seen two use cases from different domains, but one thing is common in this, we are storing transactions (Tx) in the ledger (it is a key component of Blockchain where tx are stored in block format) and this transaction is immutable which ensure the transparency and security of Tx in the blockchain.

To understand this thing in a better way let's look into a few technical details.

Blockchain is a network in which nodes connect with each other running in a single network. Node is a key component of blockchain and it is distributed in different geolocation it is not owned by a single entity each node will be owned by a different entity which ensures a decentralized system, This node is responsible for storing all long chains of blocks which are linked together with cryptography. One key point to note here is that all nodes will hold the same set of blocks which ensures security and traceability.

The hierarchy of the blockchain component is like this blockchain network -> nodes -> a number of blocks -> each block stores transaction details. -> Tx is generated by the user.

Example of a transaction - It is a set of records that has the details of activities, like “A sending 900$ to B”, “XYZ received item successfully at this date and time” and “ABC product has dispatched from Mumbai at this date and time”. These are simple examples of Transaction(Tx).

Block structure: block is the fundamental unit of the blockchain network which is connected with other blocks cryptographically. Each block contains # hash of the block, #hash of the previous Block hash, and Merkle root - all transaction is hashed in a single hash code that is nothing but Merkle root and Nonce - it is used to create a complexity of block generation process.

Now, it's good time to derive a definition.

A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions that is decentralized and secure. It uses cryptography to validate and record transactions in a way that is resistant to modification or tampering. The ledger is maintained by a network of computers, or nodes, that work together to verify transactions and ensure the system's integrity. Each block in the chain contains a unique code, or hash, that links it to the previous block, creating an unbreakable chain of data. This makes blockchain an effective way to track and verify transactions without the need for intermediaries, like banks or governments.

And if you still have questions, don't hesitate to leave a comment below. I hope this blog helps you to understand Blockchain, and I'm here to support you every step of the way.

So, whether you're looking to enhance your career prospects or simply want to learn something new, this blog is for you. Get ready to immerse yourself in the world of Blockchain and discover the limitless possibilities it offers. Follow me to become a master in Blockchain 😎.

For more on Blockchain Content 🎉.
Checkout this Blockchain Youtube Channel:
Blockchain With Akshay 😃
Why Should learn Blockchain | Akshay Kurhekar
What is Blockchain Part 1
What is Blockchain Part 2

Happy learning 😀 Keep reading it makes you more powerful 💪
See you in the next blog 🧾.

🚀🔮 Building Your Future: The Ultimate Blockchain Developer Road Map 🔑💫

Akshay Kurhekar — Sat, 18 Feb 2023 09:30:57 +0000

Hi all 👋,
Welcome back to the very new and exacting blog 🥳. “What is a Blockchain Developer Road Map”. In this blog we will see what steps need to take care to be a Blockchain Developer. So, let’s get started quickly 🤩.

Before starting to blockchain journey we really need to understand a few points and the road map of the journey.
Very first we will see an evaluation of the Web in detail in terms of architecture and tech used.

It is important to understand Web1 and Web2's their advantages and needs.

Now, when you get a complete understanding of the web, we can start talking about Blockchain / Web3 its definition use cases and its structure, its need in the market, and how it going to evolve in the future. After a basic understanding of Blockchain / Web3, we will try to understand its core features like Why it is really important (Advantages and impact on the current system in terms of economic and technically along with social impact.)

If we understand this technology in detail in terms of concept and methodology, now is a good time to talk about its tech.

Before looking into the tech list there is one important point to consider we have different types of the blockchain (Public, Private, and Hybrid blockchain).

But It is always too good to start from a public blockchain (Ethereum, Solana, Polygon, etc).

In this blog, we are highlighting the Public Blockchain roadmap only.

List of technology and tool you need to learn.

Starting from
Data structure
OOP
Core understanding of any one programming language like (C++, Java, Python, JavaScript)
JavaScript and Solidity
React.js and Node.js
Any Databases in detail like (MySql, MongoDB)
IPFS we need to learn about decentralized storage.

Now, let's see which tools we required

Remix editor
VS Code
Hardhat or Truffle
Metamask
Ganache or geth

This is the basic list of tech, but there are a few more things that are also required based on your job role and experience you will get to know these things gradually.

So, now you know the tools and tech in Blockchain but this is not enough you need to understand all core concepts and need to do practice using these tools until you get confident in them.

Like any other technology, Blockchain also has multiple job roles.

Now, it is a good time to check out available job roles.

Blockchain Developer
Blockchain Application Developer
Smart Contract Developer
Core Blockchain Developer
Consultant Blockchain Developer
Blockchain Tech Lead
Blockchain Architect
Smart contract Auditor
Smart Contract Tester
Blockchain Content Writer _ And a few more…_

Now, you need to decide What you want to become, whether you want to create applications on top of blockchain or create a blockchain from scratch, or want to be a specialist in writing Smart Contract or Testing and auditing Smart Contracts.

On Blockchain Journey with me, we will learn very first all basic to advanced topics and concepts of blockchain and writing production-grade smart contracts, creating an application on top of Blockchain, and most important How to create our own Blockchain and so on…

So, If you decided to become Blockchain Application Developer or Smart Contract developer usually called a Blockchain Developer only. In this case, we need to understand there are multiple types of applications in blockchain example DAO, DeFi, Gaming, NFT Marketplaces, and Supply Chain and so many use cases are coming day by day.

But don’t worry it's not mandatory to know all these use cases, It is good to be a Master in any one use case.

So, This is pretty much for anyone who wants to get started with Blockchain 💯.

Please, follow me to get started on your Blockchain Journey 😎

For more on Blockchain Content 🎉.
Checkout this Blockchain Youtube Channel:
Blockchain With Akshay 😃
Why Should learn Blockchain | Akshay Kurhekar
What is Blockchain Part 1
What is Blockchain Part 2

Happy learning 😀 Keep reading it makes you more powerful 💪
See you in the next blog 🧾.

What is Web3, and its Evolution ✨.

Akshay Kurhekar — Wed, 08 Feb 2023 07:27:25 +0000

Hi, welcome back Wow 🥳 Web3 very Interesting topic let’s try to understand it in detail.

Before starting about the web let’s first discuss what actually the difference between the internet and the web 🖥️

So, do you think the internet and the web are the same things or they are different?

Let's see…

Basically, we can interpret the internet as linking other computers around the world and the web as connecting people who can share and access information via the internet. So, to make it simple we can say that the internet is a big bookstore while the web is a collection of books in that store.

Let's begin the journey to understand different versions of sharing and accessing the information that is shared on networks of computers (internet)

WEB1

So, in the process of sharing information via the internet, the first version was WEB1.0 invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 which provided information primarily in form of text and image format means static content was provided rather than dynamic content because users accessing that information cannot manipulate elements on it due to which Web1 was called as read-only web.
To make it simple we can think of Web1 as a library that can be used to get information in form of text and images but its content cannot be changed in any way.

Web1 was made up of a small number of people generating content for a large audience and a small number of people were highly skilled and experienced technical content creators.

Now, we were getting all the information through Web1 then what was the need for Web2??

Let’s see some of the cons of Web1

As discussed that Web1 does not provide dynamic content so users can download but cannot see how an application works and cannot contribute to its process which means to contribute to the process one should be skilled web developer or technically experienced content creator

The most important drawback of Web1 was that users were not able to interact if someone wanted to change some content or give their feedback or create their own content (which everyone wants today ) that was not possible via Web1 thus Web1 was considered as a one-way communication

So seeing the initial breakthrough of Web1 capabilities Darcy DiNucci invented Web2 in her jan 1999 in which most of the people were engaged in creating even more content rather than just reading (as in Web1)

Web2 does not refer to any specific upgradation to the internet, it refers to a shift that how the internet is used in a new era of the internet there is a high level of information sharing and interconnection among participants, everyone wants to share their ideas with rest of the world, making youtube videos and delivering content that is accessible all around the world etc.

So Web2 eliminated the read-only capability of Web1 by providing active participation rather than just acting as a passive viewer who takes information(Web1) and one need not to be a highly skilled content creator to contribute in process of Web2 as, in Web1 because Web2 is open source that means source code is freely available and thus users can easily see how an application works and make a modification or even build new applications unlike in Web1

Now again if all the capabilities of Web1 were covered by Web2, then why is Web3 needed?

So let's see the drawbacks of Web2

So Web2 not only provided information to us but also started getting information from us which was the major upgradation thus in Web2 client makes an http request to server and if everything is correct it will send back the response so the major flaw is that all the data submitted by user is stored on centralized server controlled by companies which means we have no control over our data or how it is kept or used and interestingly if government feels someone is expressing a viewpoint that opposes their agenda, servers are taken down or bank account are seized

The big companies that control the servers in which our data is stored are using the data without our permission so that they can serve us better content which would make us use the website more thus providing more data to them, and they make money from it.

Most of us does not want such type of things like someone else is owner of our data, server are controlling us like they can use our information in many way they want
Thus no one wants that their secret information should be used, that is they want to be the owner of their own information/data which is currently owned by servers of big companies.

Thus Web3 is the answer to this dilemma. Instead of a Web monopolized by large technology companies, Web3 embraces decentralization and is being built, operated, and owned by its users. Web3 puts power in the hands of individuals rather than corporations.

So, where does all the backend logic is stored??

For backend logic Web3 allows developers to develop smart contracts which will specify the backend logic that runs on ethereum blockchain. A smart contract is an open-source code which anyone can view and use but cannot tweak without permission. Thus the backend logic is written using smart contracts which will be executed on a blockchain engine like for ethereum is EVM (ethereum virtual machine).

For EVM to execute the logic in smart contract, logic is compiled into bytecode so that EVM easily understands the logic and executes it easily.

Bit confusing 🤔???

To make it simple we can say that instead of centralized server which are used in Web2 to store the logic we use smart contracts to define the logic of our application which are deployed on blockchain and shared with everyone, thus backend in Web3 resides in peer to peer network that everyone can contribute and see

And frontend here is focused on communicating with these smart contracts.

Thus Web3 enables end to end encryption which allows users to be more confidential and anonymous which means it helps users to be the owner of their own data.

FAQ

What is the key difference between Web2 and Web3?

Web2 and Web3 are different generations of the World Wide Web, each with its own characteristics and features.

Web2, also known as the "Read-Write Web," is characterized by the rise of social media, user-generated content, and dynamic web applications that allow users to interact with each other and share information. It is a centralized, client-server architecture where data is stored on central servers and users access it through their browsers.

On the other hand, Web3 is a decentralized and trustless internet that uses blockchain technology and decentralized applications (dApps) to provide a more secure, transparent, and user-centric online experience. In Web3, data is stored on a distributed network of computers, rather than on central servers, and users have more control over their personal data and online interactions.

In summary, the key differences between Web2 and Web3 are:

Centralization vs Decentralization: Web2 is centralized, while Web3 is decentralized.
Control over data: In Web2, data is controlled by central servers and intermediaries, while in Web3, users have more control over their personal data.
Trust: Web2 relies on intermediaries and centralized authorities for trust, while Web3 uses cryptographic algorithms and decentralized consensus mechanisms for trust.
User experience: Web2 focuses on user experience through dynamic web applications, while Web3 prioritizes user sovereignty and control over data and interactions.

In summary, Web1 was a read-only web, Web2 is a read-write web, and Web3 is a decentralized and trustless internet.

Thanks @sgarg4431 for helping me in writing this blog 🙂.

For more on Blockchain Content 🎉.
Checkout this Blockchain Youtube Channel:
Blockchain With Akshay 😃

Check out other posts 🎉 as well:

What is Smart Contract?

How to deploy React App on GitHub for free

Var vs Let vs Const in JavaScript

Happy learning 😀 Keep reading it makes you more powerful 💪
See you in the next blog 🧾.

What is Smart Contract?

Akshay Kurhekar — Thu, 02 Feb 2023 07:30:58 +0000

Smart Contract of Blockchain

Very interesting question What is smart contract in Blockchain

Let's try to understand this in very simple terms.

before going towards smart contact let's break this word in 2 parts first - smart and second - contract.

Now we will first understand second part - contract.

Contract

The agreement made in between two or more parties in the form of any documentation which can be of price based of any Object (house, car, machine, etc.) of condition based such as employment, education degree and so on. we can call it as contract. This is the normal definition of contract.

Now, let's try to understand first term smart

Smart

We will take this in terms of blockchain only, this word is used to represent several activity at a single time such as automation in execution of contract, It should work digitally, need to be secure and authorised by valid entity.

so, now we seen general definition of smart and contract, Its good to conclude Smart Contract definition.

Smart Contract

A pic of code which is execute between one or more then entity's use to achieve agreement or we can say that to full-fill certain conditions, this code will be going to execute on blockchain network automatically once it is deployed on network.

In other words we can say like this:

A smart contract is a self-executing computer program that runs on a blockchain network. It automatically executes the terms of an agreement between parties, eliminating the need for intermediaries.

It can be used for a variety of purposes, including supply chain management, real estate transactions, voting systems, and financial exchanges. They provide a tamper-proof, transparent, and efficient way to automate transactions, increasing trust and reducing the risk of fraud or tampering.

It can be written in multi-pal language based on different blockchains such as C++, Java, Go, JavaScript, Solidity and Vyper.

FAQ

1. Why majority prefer writing smart contract in solidity?

There are several reasons why the majority of blockchain developers prefer to write smart contracts in Solidity:

Popularity: Solidity is the most popular programming language for writing smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain, which is the largest decentralised platform.

Easy to learn: Solidity is a high-level programming language with a syntax that is similar to other popular programming languages, making it easier for developers to pick up and learn.

Large developer community: Solidity has a large and active developer community, providing developers with access to extensive resources and support.

Tooling support: There is a wide range of tools and resources available for Solidity developers, such as development frameworks, libraries, and testing tools, making it easier for developers to build and deploy smart contracts.

Secure by design: Solidity was designed with security in mind, incorporating several features to mitigate common vulnerabilities and ensure the security of smart contracts.

last but not the least - Solidity is the first programming language to support smart contract execution on Ethereum.

These factors make Solidity the preferred choice for many blockchain developers when writing smart contracts.

Please, follow me to get started on your Blockchain Journey 😎

For more on Blockchain Content 🎉.
Checkout this Blockchain Youtube Channel:
Blockchain With Akshay 😃

Happy learning 😀 Keep reading it makes you more powerful 💪
See you in the next blog 🧾.

How to get started with Hyperledger Fabric

Akshay Kurhekar — Mon, 26 Dec 2022 08:02:34 +0000

First and for most we need to be very clear with concepts and architecture of fabric.

So, lets try to understand which concepts required for fabric.

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)
Private Permission Blockchain
Consensuses (CFT, Paxos, Raft, and BFT)
Docker
Shell Script

Now Take a lock at Hyperledger Fabric terms

Introduction
Hyperledger Fabric Model
How Fabric networks are structured
Identity
Peers
Ledger
The Ordering Service
Smart Contracts - Chaincode
This is most important section about use cases of hyperledger products.
Use Cases

Let's Create your own blockchain network with fabric.

Getting Started - Install

Let's Create Application on blockchain.

Getting Started - Run Fabric

Steps to develop Application

I hope This content will help you to find required resources for hyperledger fabric, For more detailed blog stay tuned.

Feel free to ask any question in comment box happy to answer.
Happy Learning :)